{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:19:25Z","timestamp":1789705165396,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Extended-spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase and Carbapenemase-producing\n Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>\n cause severe infections and currently, they are spreading beyond hospitals and becoming a serious global health concern. They often colonize the gut silently, facilitating the transmission of resistant bacteria between patients and family members.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n We sought investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Extended-spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases-producing\n Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>\n (ESBL-PE), Carbapenem-resistant\n Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>\n (CRE), and factors associated there in among admitted adult patients and their family members at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A case-control study was conducted among 100 patients and their respective 100 family members from February 2023 to October 2023. Stool specimens were collected and processed using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and ESBL production were determined using VITEK 2 system. Carbapenemase production was tested using modified carbapenem Inactivation method, and detection of resistance genes was performed by PCR.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Result<\/jats:title>\n \n Intestinal colonization with ESBL-PE was higher in patients (39.0%) than their respective family members (24.0%) (P\u2009=\u20090.028). Among patients, ESBL production was common in\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n , 40.3% and\n K. pneumoniae,<\/jats:italic>\n 34.7% than their family members 24.2% and 22.2%, respectively. Of the ESBL-PE isolates, 84.6% from patients and 100% from family members carried at least one ESBL encoding gene, with\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n being the predominant. Colonization with CRE and Carbapenemase-Producing Carbapenem-Resistant\n Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>\n was found to be 19.0% and 10.0%, respectively. These were identified only among patients, with\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM<\/jats:sub>\n and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-48<\/jats:sub>\n are the most prevalent genes. Older age (>53 years) (P\u2009=\u20090.02) and previous ICU admission (P\u2009<\u20090.001) showed significant association with ESBL-PE colonization.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n ESBL-PE colonization was more prevalent in patients compared to their family members, with\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n identified as the most common gene. Exclusive detection of carbapenemase genes among patients, and the association of previous ICU admission with ESBL-PE colonization, highlights the need for targeted screening and strengthened infection prevention.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:41:01Z","timestamp":1769193661000},"page":"e0341636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales among adult patients and their family members at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1067-4511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dessie","family":"Abera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adane","family":"Mihret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surafel","family":"Fentaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyob","family":"Beyene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-9704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abel Abera","family":"Negash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woldaregay Erku","family":"Abegaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341636.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"K Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0341636.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.4236\/jbm.2022.1011019","article-title":"Multidrug Drug Resistance of <;i>;Escherichia coli<;\/i>; and <;i>;Klebsiella<;\/i>; Isolated from Iraqi Patients and Microbiota","volume":"10","author":"OA Hamza","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBM"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0341636.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6597","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126597","article-title":"The Intestinal Microbiota: Impacts of Antibiotics 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