{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:16:56Z","timestamp":1789834616144,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chairside bonding of auxiliaries directly to aligners can avoid remanufacturing trays, but optimal protocols may be substrate-specific across modern thermoformed and 3D-printed materials. This study aimed to compare bond strength and failure mode across six representative aligner materials using a universal primer-orthodontic adhesive combination and a one-step aligner adhesive, with and without sandblasting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and glycol-modified polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate (PCTG), together with three 3D-printed resins (TA-28, TC-85DAC, DCA), were prepared as 0.76-mm plates (n\u2009=\u200964). Specimens received alumina sandblasting or no treatment, then were bonded with either of two bonding strategies (n\u2009=\u200916). After thermocycling, bond strength was tested, and failures were scored by ARI. Two- and three-way ANOVA and proportional-odds modeling assessed effects (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bond strength showed significant main effects of material and sandblasting, with significant material\u2013sandblasting and material\u2013primer interactions. The primer main effect was not significant. Post hoc tests confirmed substrate-specific rankings. PETG with Bond Aligner (non-sandblasted) reached 26.71 MPa, while DCA with universal primer (sandblasted) reached 22.36 MPa. Sandblasting generally increased bond strength, with some exceptions. Failure mode was material-dependent and not completely parallel with bond strength.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bonding efficacy depends on the aligner substrate. For thermoformed trays, a one-step aligner adhesive is preferable, with sandblasting contraindicated for PETG but advantageous for more elastic TPU and PCTG. For 3D-printed trays, a universal primer-orthodontic adhesive combination performs more consistently, with sandblasting benefiting DCA and TA-28, whereas TC-85DAC performs slightly better without it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:43:00Z","timestamp":1769193780000},"page":"e0341664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bond strength of thermoformed and 3D-printed aligners with universal primer versus one-step aligner adhesive with and without sandblasting: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2185-6097","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Viet Anh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viet","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Quynh Trang","family":"Vuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Nga","family":"Phung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nghi Phan","family":"Bich Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0341664.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2319\/061614-436.1","article-title":"Efficacy of clear aligners in controlling orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review","volume":"85","author":"G Rossini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341664.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2022.12.013","article-title":"The effects of aligner anchorage preparation on mandibular first molars during premolar-extraction space closure with clear aligners: a finite element study","volume":"164","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341664.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.22.2.030-034.int","article-title":"An interview with","volume":"22","author":"P Gange","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341664.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05985-5","article-title":"Force distributions associated with different elastic traction methods for maxillary dentition distalization by clear aligners: an in-vitro study","volume":"25","author":"B Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341664.ref005","first-page":"9","article-title":"Hybrid aligner treatment","volume":"57","author":"ND Kravitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Orthod"},{"key":"pone.0341664.ref006","first-page":"384","article-title":"Advances in orthodontic clear aligner materials","volume":"22","author":"YM Bichu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0341664.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-024-7361-4","article-title":"Biodegradable clear aligners","volume":"236","author":"A Marya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0341664.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/13440241.2021.1972243","article-title":"Bond strength of orthodontic buttons on clear aligner materials","volume":"80","author":"N Pariyatdulapak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthodontic Waves"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0341664.ref009","article-title":"Adhesiveless bonding of metal buttons to clear aligners: a technical report","volume":"17","author":"VA Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pone.0341664.ref010","volume-title":"Dentistry \u2014 Adhesion \u2014 Notched\u2011edge shear bond strength test. 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