{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T19:57:11Z","timestamp":1773259031556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Directorate of Research, Innovation and Consultancy, University of Cape Coast","award":["DRIC-RSG-IN-24-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRIC-RSG-IN-24-005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Natural gums have long served as essential excipients in pharmaceutical formulations, traditionally functioning as binders, disintegrants, suspending agents, and emulsifiers. Their role has expanded to include drug delivery carriers in advanced systems such as matrix formulations, gene therapy, and nanomedicine. Increasing attention has been given to natural gums over synthetic alternatives due to their non-toxicity, biodegradability, affordability, and availability. This study investigated the potential of\n \n Pentadesma butyracea<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic>\n gum as a matrix-forming agent for the extended release of diclofenac sodium.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The crude gum was harvested from the stem bark of\n \n Pentadesma butyracea<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic>\n and purified using ethanol precipitation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to assess potential interactions between the gum, diclofenac sodium, and other excipients. Matrix tablets (PM01\u2013PM05) containing varying concentrations (15\u201335%\n w<\/jats:sup>\n \/\n w<\/jats:sub>\n ) of the purified gum were prepared via wet granulation, along with a control batch (PM06) lacking the gum. Additionally, the PM01 formulation was optimised by incorporating xanthan gum at concentrations of 10\u201320%\n w<\/jats:sup>\n \/\n w<\/jats:sub>\n (PM01A\u2013PM01C). All formulations were assessed for weight and dimensional uniformity, mechanical integrity, drug content, and\n \n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic>\n release characteristics. Comparative dissolution profiles were assessed against an innovator brand using the similarity (f\u2082) and difference (f\u2081) factors. Drug release kinetics and mechanisms were analysed using appropriate mathematical models.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n All batches passed the uniformity of weight and dimensions tests, drug content (99.11\u2013101.87%), friability (0.25\u20130.79%), hardness (7.74\u20138.83 Kgf), and tensile strength (1.29\u20131.49\u2009MPa). The control batch (PM06) failed to meet dissolution criteria, releasing only 60.46% of diclofenac sodium within 45 minutes. In contrast, formulations containing\n \n P. butyracea<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic>\n gum exhibited a gradual, concentration-dependent, time-mediated release, with all test batches (PM01\u2013PM05) releasing over 50% of the drug within 45 minutes. Among the optimised formulations, PM01C exhibited a modified release profile, with 19.90\u2009\u00b1\u20090.508% of the drug released at 2 hours and 100.26\u2009\u00b1\u20092.118% at 24 hours, consistent with the British Pharmacopoeia standards. The release profile of PM01C was comparable to the reference product (f\u2082\u2009=\u200979.35; f\u2081\u2009=\u20092.93) and followed zero-order kinetics. PM01A and PM01B exhibited Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics. Mechanistically, drug release occurred via non-Fickian diffusion for PM01C and Fickian diffusion for PM01A and PM01B.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n A matrix system comprising 15%\n w<\/jats:sup>\n \/\n w<\/jats:sub>\n \n P. butyracea<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic>\n gum and \u2265 20%\n w<\/jats:sup>\n \/\n w<\/jats:sub>\n xanthan gum effectively extended the release of diclofenac sodium over 24 hours, demonstrating its potential application in extended-release formulations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T18:35:11Z","timestamp":1769711711000},"page":"e0341668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation of the drug release modifying property of Pentadesma butyracea gum in diclofenac sodium matrix tablets"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0834-1518","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mary-Ann","family":"Archer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwabena","family":"Ofori-Kwakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4829-2447","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raphael","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac Yaw","family":"Attah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick William Akuffo","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5598-7998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prince George","family":"Jnr Acquah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel Lugrie","family":"Kipo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341668.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.04.002","article-title":"Critical factors in the release of drugs from sustained release hydrophilic matrices","volume":"154","author":"C Maderuelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"pone.0341668.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618411","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.618411","article-title":"Advances in Oral Drug Delivery","volume":"12","author":"MS Alqahtani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341668.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.31","article-title":"The high price of anticancer drugs: origins, implications, barriers, solutions","volume":"14","author":"V Prasad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0341668.ref004","article-title":"An overview: Matrix tablets as sustained release","volume":"5","author":"D Nagendrakumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Recent Research in Science and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0341668.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00346","article-title":"Degradable Controlled-Release Polymers and Polymeric Nanoparticles: Mechanisms of Controlling Drug Release","volume":"116","author":"N Kamaly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"pone.0341668.ref006","article-title":"British Pharmacopoeia","volume-title":"British Pharmacopoeia","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0341668.ref007","unstructured":"Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. 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