{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T23:16:48Z","timestamp":1792883808016,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"North South University, Bangladesh","award":["NSU-RP-18-044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSU-RP-18-044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pneumococcal diseases caused by the human pathogenic bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    are a major public health concern worldwide. In this study, we examined the pathogenicity of a clinical isolate of\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the silk moth,\n                    <jats:italic>Bombyx mori<\/jats:italic>\n                    , larvae infection model. The whole genome sequencing of a clinical isolate of\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Spn1 identified the presence of genes responsible for its virulence and antibiotic resistance. Spn1 infection of\n                    <jats:italic>Bombyx<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae resulted in death within 24 h concomitant with an increase of phenoloxidase activity in the hemolymph. The bacterial load increased in the hemolymph within 9 h post-infection (p.i.) Ampicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, imipenem, and erythromycin showed therapeutic effect in infected larvae, although the bacterial strain was resistant to erythromycin\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The\n                    <jats:italic>Bombyx<\/jats:italic>\n                    homologs of mammalian\n                    <jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n                    , known as\n                    <jats:italic>BmToll2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>BmToll9<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>BmToll9\u22121<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>BmToll9\u22122<\/jats:italic>\n                    isoforms), were upregulated in both the fat body and trachea. The antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes,\n                    <jats:italic>BmdefensinA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>BmdefensinB<\/jats:italic>\n                    , known to be regulated by the Toll signaling pathway, were significantly upregulated in both fat body and trachea after\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection through hemolymph. Our data indicate that the\n                    <jats:italic>Bombyx<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae can be a suitable infection model to study the pathogenicity of\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T18:43:56Z","timestamp":1769798636000},"page":"e0341929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Streptococcus pneumoniae upregulates Toll2, Toll9, and defensin genes in Bombyx larvae infection model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Farhan R.","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7239-4577","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. Ismail","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tangerul A.","family":"Jepu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nusrat U. A.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema T.","family":"Zohora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasmim A.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mrinmoy","family":"Sarker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al","family":"Numan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Yousuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Aftab","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muktadir S.","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0341929.ref001","author":"World Health Organization"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0341929.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.2886-2890.2002","article-title":"Upper and lower respiratory tract infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae is affected by pneumolysin deficiency and differences in capsule type","volume":"70","author":"A Kadioglu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0341929.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40136-017-0152-6","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae Otitis Media Pathogenesis and How It Informs Our Understanding of 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