{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T18:02:09Z","timestamp":1773424929568,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52074008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52074008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003995","name":"Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2508085ME131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2508085ME131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Under geological conditions characterized by deep high-stress zones, intense mining disturbances, and hard roof strata, primary fractures on and within coal bodies are highly susceptible to expansion and propagation. This study investigates the failure characteristics of coal bodies under the combined effects of hard roof strata and sandstone fracture water. Taking the 11129 working face at Zhangji Coal Mine as the study site, this research examines the macro- and micro-scale load-bearing capacity and damage characteristics of coal bodies. The results indicate that: (1) During coal seam mining, the thick layer of hard sandstone roof directly overlying the seam exhibits a large span with minimal deformation while bearing the load of the overlying weak rock strata. By employing pre-splitting blasting technology, the initial roof fracture step length was reduced to 45 m. Stress concentration occurred 5\u201320 m ahead of the coal face, with peak stress reaching 33.8 kPa. Peak strain appeared 11m behind the coal face, registering a value of 594.3. (2) During the moment of stress-bearing or fracture, coal-rock strata undergo energy accumulation and dissipation. Before the advance distance reaches the minimum roof fracture step length, relatively hard rock layers bear their own weight and the load from overlying softer strata. As the span length of the hard rock increases, the accumulated energy rises. When the internal energy accumulation reaches the rock\u2019s load-bearing limit, the roof fractures, transferring the force to the goaf and releasing the energy. (3) Under dynamic loading, coal sample cracks exhibit a progressive evolution from \u201cdevelopment to penetration to failure.\u201d At low impact intensity (0.3\u2009MPa), the incident energy for samples with varying coal-to-rock ratios ranges from 172.64 to 240.89 J, with dissipated energy accounting for 0.249 to 0.44 of the total. When the impact pressure increased to 0.7\u2009MPa and the rock content in the sample rose, the incident energy increased from 265.95 J to 326.87 J, an increase of approximately 60.92 J. The proportion of dissipated energy remained within the range of 0.249 to 0.418. The magnitude of the impact pressure had no significant effect on the degree of energy dissipation. (4) A pre-splitting blast pressure relief scheme employing fan-shaped hole groupings was proposed. Numerical results from the working face indicate that the pre-splitting blast achieved the anticipated roof control effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0341958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:23:40Z","timestamp":1773422620000},"page":"e0341958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Progressive damage mechanism and multiscale characterization of hard sandstone-coal composite structures under 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Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics"},{"key":"pone.0341958.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.106793","article-title":"Initial weighting strength control of thick and hard roof based on pre-splitting blasting of whole roadway roof: numerical model and engineering verification","volume":"27","author":"C Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results in Engineering"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0341958.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9779","DOI":"10.3390\/app15179779","article-title":"Hydraulic fracturing pressure-relief technology for controlling the surrounding rock in deep dynamic pressure roadways","volume":"15","author":"J Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0341958.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-023-03447-4","article-title":"Study on the method of pressure relief and energy 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mining\u2010induced water flowing fracture of composite hard roof in the border mining area of inner mongolia and shaanxi","volume":"13","author":"J Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Science & Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0341958.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s40948-025-01020-7","article-title":"Main disaster-causing strata of composite hard roof and bidirectional, high-low position blasting technology for rock burst prevention","volume":"11","author":"X Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0341958.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-025-04771-7","article-title":"Analytical solutions for energy and stress criteria of coalbursts in hard-roof coal mining faces","volume":"58","author":"H Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rock Mech Rock 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