{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T12:12:51Z","timestamp":1782303171809,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nantong Science and Technology Bureau","award":["MS2023048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS2023048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Burn injuries are severe traumas characterized by tissue damage and inflammation, and pain is the common symptom of burn patients. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-\u03b21) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in organ development, immune response, tumor biology and injury repair. This study investigates the effects of TGF-\u03b21 on the burn injury induced pain and explore the underlying mechanisms. A mouse model of second degree burn injury was established, and spinal intrathecal injection with lentivirus was used to knockdown or overexpress TGF-\u03b21. The assessment of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia was adapted to evaluate the impact of TGF-\u03b21 on the burn injury induced pain. The expressions of inflammatory factors were measured by using RT-qPCR, while immunofluorescence staining was employed to detect the effects of TGF-\u03b21 on macrophage infiltration in the burned plantar skin. Western blot was used to analyze the effects of TGF-\u03b21 on microglia, astrocytes and signal pathway. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that lentiviruses injection could knockdown or overexpress TGF-\u03b21 in ipsilateral spinal cord, and reduce pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1) expression and promote anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10) expression. The behavioral assessments revealed that TGF-\u03b21 overexpression alleviated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot revealed that TGF-\u03b21 reduced the macrophage infiltration in the plantar skin, inhibited expressions of marker proteins of microglia and astrocyte, and promoted the phosphorylation of smad2. These findings suggested that TGF-\u03b21 mitigated burn injury induced pain by attenuating inflammatory response via TGF-\u03b21\/smad2 pathway. This study provides an experimental and theoretical basis supporting the potential use of TGF-\u03b21 as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic for burn injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T18:40:25Z","timestamp":1770316825000},"page":"e0342029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["TGF-\u03b21 relieves burn injury induced pain by alleviating inflammation in 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