{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:04:20Z","timestamp":1783335860877,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education in P.R. China","award":["CLA200277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLA200277"]}]},{"name":"MDPI"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The decline in health-related physical fitness resulting from physical inactivity remains a critical global public health concern. Technology-supported fitness self-testing has the potential not only to improve students\u2019 testing experiences but also to enhance their health-related fitness. However, the effectiveness of such approaches has not yet been systematically examined, and their validity within university populations remains largely unestablished.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A quasi-experimental research design with a control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200945) and an experimental group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200944), incorporating pre- and post-tests, was employed in this study. The experimental group completed monthly self-testing sessions accompanied by GAI-generated instant feedback over a 16-week period, whereas the control group participated in general physical education classes that included multiple physical activities. Health-related fitness (HRF) was assessed using BMI, the one-mile run, pull-ups, and sit and reach tests. VO\u2082max was included as a covariate to control for baseline differences in HRF between the two groups. Repeated-measures multivariate analysis of covariance (RM-MANCOVA) was conducted to examine the effects of the intervention on HRF outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After controlling for baseline VO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      max, RM-MANCOVA indicated significant time\u2009\u00d7\u2009group interaction for sit and reach (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and one-mile run (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.05), with the intervention group demonstrating significant improvement in both tests. However, no significant differences were observed between groups for body mass index (BMI) and the pull-ups test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggested that HRF self-testing with instant GAI feedback was an effective intervention for improving certain HRF components, particularly flexibility and aerobic fitness. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term effects of self-testing and its application across diverse populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T18:22:50Z","timestamp":1771957370000},"page":"e0342089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effects of fitness self-testing with instant feedback on changes in health-related fitness among Chinese male college students"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yongshun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofen D.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rulan","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anlu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sizhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6845-695X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiren","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark F.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0342089.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/bs8110099","article-title":"Health behaviors of student community research partners when designing and implementing a healthy lifestyle intervention on college campuses","volume":"8","author":"ML Barr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0342089.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X19882060","article-title":"What is health-related fitness? 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