{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T06:58:36Z","timestamp":1770101916341,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lifestyle Medicine Clinics (LMCs) in primary care provide structured, multidisciplinary obesity care, but evidence from Saudi Arabia on patient profiles and the effectiveness of pharmacologic therapy in this setting is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a primary health care center in Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh (2023\u20132024). Adults aged 18\u201375 years with Body Mass Index (BMI) 30\u201340\u2009kg\/m\u00b2 and at least one obesity-related comorbidity were included. Patients received either Liraglutide plus lifestyle modification or lifestyle modification alone. Data from the LMCs electronic registry were analyzed after 1:1 propensity score matching. Within-group changes were evaluated using paired tests; between-group differences over time were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 664 patients (299 receiving Liraglutide and 365 receiving lifestyle modification alone), 280 matched pairs were analyzed (median age 40 years; 73% female). Both groups achieved significant within-group reductions in BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and HbA1c (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Between-group comparisons showed a statistically significant difference only in waist circumference change (p\u2009=\u20090.03). Mean BMI change was\u2009\u2212\u20090.75\u2009kg\/m\u00b2 with Liraglutide versus \u2212 0.71\u2009kg\/m\u00b2 without Liraglutide (p\u2009=\u20090.939). No significant between-group differences were observed for glycemic control, blood pressure, or lipid parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a real-world primary care setting, Liraglutide plus lifestyle modification and lifestyle modification alone both produced a substantial benefit in metabolic and anthropometric parameters. The incremental benefit of Liraglutide was confined to a modest reduction in waist circumference and did not translate into clinically meaningful differences compared with lifestyle intervention alone. Structured, multidisciplinary lifestyle care should remain the foundation of obesity management, with pharmacotherapy targeted to selected patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T18:25:41Z","timestamp":1770056741000},"page":"e0342153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and metabolic profile of adults with obesity attending lifestyle medicine clinics"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hanan N.","family":"AlTaib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"AlAqeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amr A.","family":"Arafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Kunnathodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulmajeed","family":"AlShaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-7394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haifa F.","family":"AlOtaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0342153.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100375","article-title":"Obesity: Prevalence, causes, consequences, management, preventive strategies and future research directions","volume":"27","author":"SK Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabol Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0342153.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2023.44.8.20220724","article-title":"Obesity management in the Saudi population","volume":"44","author":"A Aldubikhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0342153.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2023.03.002","article-title":"Global Impact of Obesity","volume":"52","author":"N Alfaris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"pone.0342153.ref004","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation. The global obesity observatory. https:\/\/data.worldobesity.org\/country\/saudi-arabia-186\/#data_prevalence. Accessed 2025 August 13."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0342153.ref005","first-page":"1364","article-title":"Experience of establishing a lifestyle medicine clinic at primary care level- challenges and lessons learnt","volume":"18","author":"AA Konswa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0342153.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2020.1698291","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy in obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of anti-obesity drugs","volume":"13","author":"AK Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0342153.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124226","article-title":"Awareness and Knowledge Regarding the Consumption of Dietary Fiber and Its Relation to Self-Reported Health Status in an Adult Arab Population: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"17","author":"H Alfawaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0342153.ref008","first-page":"1541","article-title":"Dietary habits, lifestyle pattern and obesity among young Saudi university students","volume":"67","author":"MN Khabaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0342153.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014001797","article-title":"Prevalence and association of female weight status and dietary habits with sociodemographic factors: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"A Khalaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0342153.ref010","article-title":"The association of dietary behaviors and practices with overweight and obesity parameters among Saudi university students","volume":"15","author":"NK Syed","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0342153.ref011","first-page":"559","article-title":"Prevalence of physical activity and inactivity among Saudis aged 30-70 years. 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