{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:14:29Z","timestamp":1790691269838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a known risk factor for tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer. However, evidence of its global burden particularly across different socio-demographic index (SDI) regions has been limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on results from the global burden of disease (GBD) study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of age-standardized death rates (ASDR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) rates due to TBL cancer attributed to occupational exposure to PAHs. This study examined the trends, sex differences, age-specific burden, and regional disparities in TBL cancer burden attributed to occupational PAH exposure from 1990 to 2021 globally and across different SDI regions. Age-period-cohort analysis was also performed to evaluate the influence of age, cohort, and period effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Globally, both ASDR and DALYs rates showed slight increases from 1990 to 2021, with estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) of 0.76% and 0.54%, respectively. Low and middle SDI regions experienced more significant increases in death rates and health burden, while high SDI regions exhibited declining trends. Age-specific analyses revealed higher death rates in older populations, particularly those aged 55\u201374 years, with rising trends observed in low and middle SDI regions. For high SDI regions, younger age groups (&lt;60 years) showed declining trends, while older age groups (&gt;75 years) showed increasing trends. Age-period-cohort analyses indicated that the period effect contributed substantially to rising death rates in low and middle SDI regions, while high SDI regions experienced slower increases in the period effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study highlights a widening disparity in the burden of TBL cancer due to occupational exposure to PAHs, with lower SDI regions facing greater increases in death rates and DALYs, especially among older populations. Nevertheless, given the inherent limitations of GBD estimation methods and data scarcity in LMICs, the observed disparities should be interpreted with caution and warrant further primary research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T18:28:17Z","timestamp":1770920897000},"page":"e0342250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global burden and trends of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer attributed to occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in regions with different sociodemographic index, 1990\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jiansheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5040-0151","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haizhan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0342250.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00915-0","article-title":"Epidemiological trends of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer at the global, regional, and national levels: a population-based study","volume":"13","author":"Y Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0342250.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102804","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and its risk factors from 1990 to 2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"75","author":"Z Kuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0342250.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.6987","article-title":"Cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years for 29 cancer groups from 2010 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"8","author":"Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0342250.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098218","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1098218","article-title":"Burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer in North Africa and Middle East countries, 1990 to 2019: results from the GBD study 2019","volume":"12","author":"S Khanmohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0342250.ref005","first-page":"1928","article-title":"Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer burden and related risk factors in the United States and China","volume":"13","author":"Y Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"pone.0342250.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928937","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.928937","article-title":"The burden of trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer attributable to occupational exposure from 1990 to 2019","volume":"10","author":"H Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0342250.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv040","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: from metabolism to lung cancer","volume":"145","author":"B Moorthy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0342250.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2020.1839736","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: occurrence, electroanalysis, challenges, and future outlooks","volume":"52","author":"PNS Zainal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Anal Chem"},{"key":"pone.0342250.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115801","article-title":"Lung cancer associated with combustion particles and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) - 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