{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:22:48Z","timestamp":1774290168462,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Periprosthetic joint and implant-associated infections remain serious complications despite highly standardized diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. Repeated revision procedures substantially increase morbidity and the risk of therapeutically uncontrollable infection scenarios. This pilot study, we evaluated the effect of HMO (human milk oligosaccharides)-containing carbohydrates on S. aureus biofilm formation using crystal violet assays and implant models.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n S. aureus EDCC 5055 biofilm formation was quantified in the presence of HMO-containing carbohydrates (HMO-C) at concentrations of 5%, 7%, 9%, and 11% and lactose-alone in 96-well plates. After processing, the plate contents were read out using a 595nm Phomo plate reader (Anthos Mikrosystems, Krefeld, Germany). Biofilm activity was further evaluated on titanium disks pre-incubated with HMO-C solutions. Bacterial growth kinetics were also analyzed in TSB with the 5% to 11% HMO-C solutions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The results demonstrated a significant reduction in S. aureus biofilm formation with the addition of HMO-C (HMO-C-5%: mean value (\n \n \n \n \n x\u00af<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n )=0.271nm; p\u2009=\u20090.021; HMO-C groups 7%\u221211%:\n \n \n \n \n x\u00af<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \u2009=\u20090.211nm, 0.179nm, 0.147nm; All p\u2009=\u20090.001) against the positive control EDCC 5055 (PC) (\n \n \n \n \n x\u00af<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \u2009=\u20090.335nm). Lactose (L) alone did not significantly affect biofilm formation (L5%\u221211%: p\u2009=\u20091.0). No significant biofilm reduction was observed for titanium implants, though medium changes indicated bacterial inhibition at higher HMO-C solutions (9%\u221211%:\n \n \n \n \n x\u00af<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \u2009=\u20090.844nm, 0.940nm; Both p\u2009=\u20090.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Media supplemented with HMOS-C significantly reduced S. aureus ED CC 5055 biofilm formation in vitro in the crystal violet microtiter plate assay. Bacterial invasion on titanium could not be demonstrably changed, but S. aureus growth curve was significantly reduced. Further studies with optimized implant models and standardized HMO formulations are warranted to clarify the translational potential of HMO-C for the prevention of implant-associated infections.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T17:26:06Z","timestamp":1774286766000},"page":"e0342316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The anti-infective potential of human milk oligosaccharides in carbohydrate powder in implant-associated infection with Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1078-4983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julian","family":"Koettnitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Koettnitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Tiemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-2367","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gael","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Pagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Zechel-Gran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugen","family":"Domann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0342316.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235112","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides as potential antibiofilm agents: A review","volume":"14","author":"A Bhowmik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0342316.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000540139","article-title":"Human milk research, more to learn?","volume":"100","author":"N Sprenger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0342316.ref003","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Role of human milk microbiota in infant neurodevelopment: mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"11","author":"V Biagioli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0342316.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794441","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.794441","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides exhibit biofilm eradication activity against matured biofilms formed by different pathogen species","volume":"12","author":"S Jarzynka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"27","key":"pone.0342316.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11243","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.789974","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides inhibit growth of group B Streptococcus","volume":"292","author":"AE Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0342316.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121225","article-title":"Does a Specific Sequential Combination of Antiseptic Solutions for Chemical Debridement in Periprosthetic Joint Infection Improve Outcomes vs. Solution Alone? 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