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Long-term memory was assessed using a task which allows for the estimation of both retrieval success and memory precision, the latter being particularly sensitive to age-related changes. Memory was assessed before the pandemic in person, and during the pandemic using an online version of the task. Experiment 1 first verified that younger adults\u2019 performance did not significantly differ between testing environments, validating pre- and post-pandemic comparison in older adults. Experiment 2 then demonstrated that while substantial declines in lifestyle engagement were observed during the pandemic in older adults, there was no significant correlation between these lifestyle changes and memory performance overall. However, when modelling retrieval success, lifestyle effects varied with dementia risk, consistent with cognitive reserve theory, as well as varying with depression. These findings highlight how different memory features are impacted by factors such as lifestyle, and support the proposal that heightened dementia risk may increase susceptibility to the impact of lifestyle changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T18:27:17Z","timestamp":1771352837000},"page":"e0342458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of lifestyle restrictions on memory in older adults"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jessica M.V.","family":"McMaster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena M.","family":"Gellersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saana M.","family":"Korkki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7508-9084","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jon S.","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0342458.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711000531","article-title":"Late-life social activity and cognitive decline in old age","volume":"17","author":"BD James","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"pone.0342458.ref002","article-title":"Association between healthy lifestyle and memory decline in older adults: 10 year, population based, prospective cohort study","volume":"380","author":"J Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9984","key":"pone.0342458.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5","article-title":"A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"T Ngandu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0342458.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30040-6","article-title":"Effect of long-term omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation with or without multidomain intervention on cognitive function in elderly adults with memory complaints (MAPT): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"S Andrieu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10046","key":"pone.0342458.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30950-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of a 6-year multidomain vascular care intervention to prevent dementia (preDIVA): a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"388","author":"EP Moll van Charante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0342458.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101839","article-title":"The impact of social isolation from COVID-19-related public health measures on cognitive function and mental health among older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"P Prommas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0342458.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? 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