{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:57:09Z","timestamp":1774421829419,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ventral bulla osteotomy has not been widely adopted for treating otitis media in calves due to its prolonged surgical duration (&gt;1 h), high surgical invasiveness, and challenges in application for bilateral cases. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of a freehand frameless navigation system for computed tomography-assisted ventral bulla osteotomy in 21 calves diagnosed with otitis media. Preparation times\u2014including computed tomography examination and registration procedures\u2014varied between 18 and 73 min. This technique allows for a minimal skin incision, approximately 1 cm in length, allowing instrument access via a 7-mm-diameter trocar. Surgical times for the 36 affected ears across 21 animals ranged between 7 and 26 min per ear. This technique reduced total procedure time, including preparation and surgical times. The median durations were 49.0 min (range, 41\u201357 min) for unilateral cases and 66.0 min (range, 47\u2013106 min) for bilateral cases. In 13 of the 21 treated animals, otitis media-associated clinical signs improved or disappeared suddenly or gradually after surgery. Postoperative complications included generalized convulsive seizures and swollen mandibles in one and three animals, respectively. Areas for improvement warranting further development include: (1) prevention of unexpected complications and reduction of time-consuming preparation steps contributing to prolonged preparation time, (2) method for securing the calf\u2019s head on a surgical table, and (3) technical transfer from manual operation to utilization of an electric drill device to create a perforation om the affected tympanic bulla.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T18:22:53Z","timestamp":1771006973000},"page":"e0342569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Utility of a freehand frameless navigation system in computed tomography-assisted ventral bulla osteotomy for otitis media in calves"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9861-5681","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Tsuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masamichi","family":"Yamahita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7323-9958","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kitaro","family":"Yoshimitsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Muragaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0342569.ref001","first-page":"661","article-title":"Otitis media in dairy calves: A retrospective study of 15 cases (1987 to 2002)","volume":"45","author":"D Francoz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0342569.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.21423\/bovine-vol40no1p14-17","article-title":"Imaging study of myringotomy in dairy calves","volume":"40","author":"A Villarroel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bov pract"},{"key":"pone.0342569.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2020.105546","article-title":"Computed tomography of tympanic bullae in pre-weaned dairy calves diagnosed with clinical respiratory disease","volume":"264","author":"G Clausen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0342569.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1983.182.09.967","article-title":"Cause and pathogenesis of middle ear infection in young feedlot cattle","volume":"182","author":"R Jensen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0342569.ref005","first-page":"951","article-title":"Bacterial otitis media-interna of ruminants.","volume-title":"Large Animal Internal Medicine","author":"LW. 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