{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T20:13:01Z","timestamp":1771013581880,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011782","name":"Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008920","name":"University of Saskatchewan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a single postpartum administration of pegbovigrastim, a recombinant bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF), on peripheral leukocyte profiles, granulocyte function, and uterine cytology in healthy Holstein dairy cows. We hypothesized that rG-CSF would enhance leukocyte counts and granulocyte function without adversely affecting uterine immune cell composition. Twenty-three cows between 19\u201323 days in milk were randomly assigned to receive either rG-CSF (n\u2009=\u200912) or saline (n\u2009=\u200911). Blood samples were collected on the day of injection and on Days 3, 6, 10, and 21 post-treatment to assess total and differential leukocyte counts. Granulocyte phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and oxidative burst capacity following PMA stimulation were evaluated using flow cytometry. Vaginoscopy and transrectal ultrasound examinations were conducted at each time point, and uterine cytobrush samples were collected from a subset of cows for cytological analysis. Compared to controls, rG-CSF-treated cows exhibited a significant (2\u20133 fold) increase in total leukocytes and neutrophils (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) on Days 3, 6, and 10. Monocyte counts were also elevated (4-fold;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) on Day 3. Granulocyte functional assays revealed increase in oxidative burst (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.04) and phagocytic activity as well as capacity (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01) that peaked on Days 3 and 6 post-treatment, respectively, following rG-CSF treatment. Furthermore, uterine samples from treated cows showed higher proportions of neutrophils (Days 6, 10, and 21) and macrophages (Day 10) compared to controls (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). In conclusion, a single dose of rG-CSF in early postpartum cows induces transient leukocytosis and enhances granulocyte function. The observed increase in uterine neutrophils and macrophages suggests that rG-CSF could be explored further for its potential as a local immunomodulatory agent during the postpartum period.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T18:38:47Z","timestamp":1771007927000},"page":"e0342743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parenterally administered pegbovigrastim alters leukocyte counts, granulocyte functions, and uterine cell population in healthy postpartum dairy cows"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0068-5604","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dinesh","family":"Dadarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kira","family":"Crooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Lainetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khawaja Ashfaque","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0342743.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.08.010","article-title":"Mucosal immunity of the postpartum bovine genital tract","volume":"104","author":"D Dadarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"pone.0342743.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119602484.ch54","article-title":"Postpartum uterine infection.","volume-title":"Bovine Reproduction","author":"D 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