{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:30:38Z","timestamp":1791001838919,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015027","name":"Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["140110279171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140110279171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chronic diabetic wounds are often complicated by biofilm-forming, antibiotic-resistant pathogens such as\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which delay healing. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of gentamicin and imipenem in combination with fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide from brown seaweed, against dual-species biofilms in a diabetic rat wound model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) strain 6 and\n                      <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain 1, isolated from diabetic foot ulcers, were used to establish dual-species biofilms in vitro and in vivo. Excisional wounds were created in male Wistar rats with streptozocin-induced type II diabetes and infected with the biofilms. Rats received daily treatments of gentamicin, imipenem, their combination, or the triple combination with fucoidan. Outcomes assessed included bacterial load (CFU\/g), biofilm formation, expression of biofilm-related genes (\n                      <jats:italic>icaA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>bap<\/jats:italic>\n                      by real-time PCR), wound size, and histological healing parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The triple therapy demonstrated the strongest antibacterial effect, reducing bacterial load by more than 4 log\u2081\u2080 CFU\/g compared to controls (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.005). Real-time PCR revealed significant downregulation of\n                      <jats:italic>icaA<\/jats:italic>\n                      in\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (threefold decrease) and\n                      <jats:italic>bap<\/jats:italic>\n                      in\n                      <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (fourfold decrease) relative to antibiotic-only groups (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.005). Histology showed accelerated wound contraction and complete re-epithelialization by day 14 with the triple combination, whereas monotherapy or dual antibiotics led to delayed healing and persistent inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fucoidan enhances the efficacy of gentamicin and imipenem against biofilm-associated infections and promotes diabetic wound healing. This combinatorial approach offers a promising strategy for managing chronic, biofilm-infected wounds and combating antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T18:27:42Z","timestamp":1771525662000},"page":"e0342905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Synergistic effects of antibiotics and fucoidan on dual-species Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm in diabetic rat wound 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