{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:22:25Z","timestamp":1783999345672,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants is a crucial process in pharmaceutical and herbal medicine industries, yet it presents numerous challenges that can compromise quality, efficiency, and standardization. This study integrates Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) with an advanced multi-criteria decision-making framework based on ZE-numbers, employing the ZE-based Best\u2013Worst Method (ZE-BWM) to determine the relative importance of risk criteria and the ZE-MABAC method to rank the most critical risks in medicinal plant extraction. By incorporating decision makers\u2019 assessments, fuzzy logic, and reliability factors, this study enhances traditional risk assessment approaches by accounting for uncertainty and expert reliability, leading to a more precise decision-making framework. The findings indicate that sample contamination, improper handling, suboptimal extraction conditions, and instrumental calibration errors are the most significant failure modes affecting extraction efficiency and product quality. Sample-related risks, such as inconsistencies in raw material quality and contamination, can lead to variability in bioactive compound concentrations. Similarly, inefficient extraction techniques and poor solvent selection impact the purity and yield of the final product, while instrumental errors and inadequate calibration introduce measurement inconsistencies. To mitigate these risks, process standardization, rigorous quality control, and personnel training are essential. Additionally, integrating real-time monitoring systems, sustainable extraction techniques, and AI-driven predictive models can further enhance extraction reliability and efficiency. This research advances risk assessment methodologies by offering a structured and data-driven framework for optimizing medicinal plant extraction, ensuring consistency, and improving product quality. Future studies should focus on automation, real-time risk monitoring, and green extraction technologies to further enhance extraction processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0342976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T18:28:29Z","timestamp":1771957709000},"page":"e0342976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A fuzzy ZE-number group decision-making framework using BWM and MABAC for risk assessment in medicinal plant extraction"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Gheytasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Kianifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3665-9010","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saeid Jafarzadeh","family":"Ghoushchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salar","family":"Hafez-Ghoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1840-4823","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Maghami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazlan","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0342976.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.108735","article-title":"Harvest time optimization for medicinal and aromatic plant secondary metabolites","volume":"212","author":"S Hazrati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0342976.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6477","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2170317","article-title":"Application of essential oils as natural biopesticides; recent advances","volume":"64","author":"E Assadpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0342976.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43199-9_9","article-title":"Microbial contaminants of herbal remedies: health risks and sustainable quality control strategies","volume-title":"Herbal medicine phytochemistry: applications and trends","author":"KF Ovuru","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0342976.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85542-6.00029-9","article-title":"Methods of extraction of medicinal plants","author":"AN Shikov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0342976.ref005","article-title":"Identification and assessment of health, safety and environmental risk factors of chemical industry using Delphi and FMEA methods (a case study)","volume":"6","author":"H Azizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anthropogenic Pollution"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0342976.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-024-02764-6","article-title":"Failure analysis in smart grid solar integration using an extended decision-making-based FMEA model under uncertain environment","volume":"38","author":"MR Maghami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0342976.ref007","article-title":"Environmental failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and its applications. 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