{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:28:40Z","timestamp":1787671720066,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research on Key Technologies of Multi-Resource Aggregation and Simulation for Virtual Power Plants (Research Funding Project for Introduced Talents of Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Project","award":["2025KJ001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KJ001"]}]},{"name":"Development of Cluster Wind Power Vibration Monitoring, Alarm and Diagnosis Platform (Taiyuan Institute of Technology Horizontal Scientific Research Project","award":["25CXY0922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25CXY0922"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Existing research on virtual power plants (VPPs) has not fully integrated the coupling relationships among electricity, heat, hydrogen, and carbon, and scheduling strategies under uncertainty conditions remain imperfect. To address this gap, this paper proposes an optimization scheduling model for a multi-energy virtual power plant (MEVPP) that incorporates uncertainty constraints and multi-energy coupling characteristics. The proposed model integrates biomass co-combustion carbon capture power plants (BCCPP), power-to-ammonia (P2A), and low-carbon chemical production (urea synthesis) within a unified stochastic VPP scheduling framework, achieving multi-energy synergy and flexible coupled operation involving electricity, heat, hydrogen, and carbon. A scenario generation method based on Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is adopted to formulate a stochastic scheduling model aimed at maximizing the expected total system revenue under wind and solar uncertainties. Simulation results demonstrate that compared to the baseline scenario without carbon capture, the proposed model reduces CO\u2082 emissions by 38.5% (from 10,000 t to 6,150 t) and total costs by 75.1% (from $800,000 to $199,200) in the optimal scenario. Carbon trading price sensitivity analysis shows that emission reductions can reach 30\u201338% through constraint adjustments. These findings provide practical insights for system operators and policymakers in advancing low-carbon energy transitions, particularly for China\u2019s dual-carbon goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0343212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T18:30:09Z","timestamp":1772562609000},"page":"e0343212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An optimization scheduling model of multi-energy virtual power plants considering uncertainty constraints and multi-energy coupling characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jijun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5566-1381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Youwu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0343212.ref001","first-page":"381","article-title":"The future of fossil fuels: challenges and opportunities in a low-carbon","volume":"5","author":"E Alagoz","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343212.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13705-024-00483-y","article-title":"Virtual power plants: an in-depth analysis of their advancements and importance as crucial players in modern power systems","volume":"14","author":"S Abdelkader","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energ Sustain Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0343212.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies13060216","article-title":"Review of Virtual Power Plant Response Capability Assessment and Optimization Dispatch","volume":"13","author":"J Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0343212.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-024-02619-x","article-title":"Sustainable energy integration and optimization in microgrids: enhancing efficiency with electric vehicle charging solutions","volume":"107","author":"AF G\u00fcven","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electr Eng"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0343212.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Novel Multi-Timescale Optimal Scheduling Model for a Power\u2013Gas Mutual Transformation Virtual Power Plant with Power-to-Gas Conversion and Comprehensive Demand Response","volume":"17","author":"S Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"pone.0343212.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xinfa T, Jingjing W, Yonghua W, Youwei W. 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