{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:47:14Z","timestamp":1791874034920,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1831952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1831952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hurricanes are major natural disturbances that significantly influence tropical ecosystems. While most research focuses on large-bodied organisms, understanding the impact of hurricanes on small-bodied biota, such as meiofauna, is crucial, especially as climate change models predict more frequent and intense storms. Puerto Rico offers a unique setting to study these effects, as hurricanes and tropical storms are frequent. This research examined the short- (Post-Hurricane A) and medium-term (Post-Hurricane B) impacts of Hurricanes Irma and Mar\u00eda (September 2017) on stream meiofaunal communities in a tropical stream in the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Twelve samples were collected monthly from pools across two stream reaches for eight months before and after the hurricanes. Environmental variables, such as discharge, sediment composition, and biotic data, were recorded. Meiofauna were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level and categorized by phyla and feeding groups. Results showed a significant increase in both richness and abundance of meiofauna following the hurricanes. Richness and abundance peaked during Post-Hurricane A and declined slightly during Post-Hurricane B. This trend was linked to an increase in coarse particulate organic matter, potentially the result of defoliation and debris from hurricane damage of riparian forest. Community structure analyses revealed significant differences between pre- and post-hurricane periods. Variables such as stream discharge, macroinvertebrate presence, sediment size, and shrimp abundance were all influenced by hurricane impacts and correlated with changes in meiofaunal communities. During Post-Hurricane A, models explaining meiofaunal variation involved variables associated with ecosystem disturbance. In contrast, Post-Hurricane B models were simpler, suggesting a level of ecological stabilization. These findings suggest that hurricanes influence meiofaunal communities, but that these organisms are likely benefiting from hurricane disturbance. Given expected increases in hurricane activity due to climate change, hurricanes may play a long-term role in shaping the structure and function of tropical stream communities, in particular for small-body size organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0343219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T18:31:06Z","timestamp":1771353066000},"page":"e0343219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hurricane disturbance results in positive effects on tropical stream meiofauna abundance and richness"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Santiago-Vera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9985-5719","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alonso","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0343219.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780195334692.001.0001","volume-title":"A Caribbean forest tapestry: the multidimensional nature of disturbance and response","author":"N Brokaw","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2307\/2388256","article-title":"Forest structure before and after Hurricane Hugo at three elevations in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico","volume":"23","author":"NVL Brokaw","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0343219.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/f9070404","article-title":"The frequency of cyclonic wind storms shapes tropical forest dynamism and functional trait dispersion","volume":"9","author":"JA Hogan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forests"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0343219.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2020.02.012","article-title":"Tropical cyclone ecology: a scale-link perspective","volume":"35","author":"TC Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2008.01894.x","article-title":"Visible and invisible effects of hurricanes on forest ecosystems: an international review","volume":"33","author":"AE Lugo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Austral Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02803187","article-title":"Impact of a strong typhoon on the structure and dynamics of an old-growth beech (Fagus crenata) forest, southwestern Japan","volume":"37","author":"A Yamashita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Folia Geobot"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.2307\/2389085","article-title":"Introduction: disturbance and Caribbean ecosystems","volume":"28","author":"JK Zimmerman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1899\/0887-3593(2006)25[99:EODAHD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of drought and hurricane disturbances on headwater distributions of palaemonid river shrimp (Macrobrachium spp.) in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico","volume":"25","author":"AP Covich","year":"2006","journal-title":"J North Am Benthol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-010-9399-1","article-title":"Typhoon disturbance and forest dynamics: lessons from a northwest Pacific subtropical forest","volume":"14","author":"T-C Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108891","article-title":"Disturbance and resilience in the Luquillo Experimental Forest","volume":"253","author":"JK Zimmerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0343219.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2011.00799.x","article-title":"The impact of cyclone fanele on a tropical dry forest in Madagascar","volume":"44","author":"RJ Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.2307\/2261454","article-title":"Responses of tree species to hurricane winds in subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico: implications for tropical tree life histories","volume":"82","author":"JK Zimmerman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref013","first-page":"169","article-title":"Hurricane damage and regeneration in fringe mangrove forests of southeast Florida, USA","author":"AH Baldwin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Coast Res"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref014","volume-title":"Meiobenthology: the microscopic motile fauna of aquatic sediments","author":"O Giere","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref015","volume-title":"Introduction to the study of meiofauna","author":"RP Higgins","year":"1988"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0343219.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400055132","article-title":"A study of a marine benthic community with special reference to the micro-organisms","volume":"25","author":"MF Mare","year":"1942","journal-title":"J Mar Biol Ass"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref017","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Freshwater meiofauna: biology and ecology","author":"SD Rundle","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0343219.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452-007-9108-0","article-title":"Benthic meiofauna assemblage structure of headwater streams: density and distribution of taxa relative to substrate size","volume":"42","author":"AJ Radwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquat Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref019","first-page":"217","article-title":"The small scale ecology of freshwater meiofauna.","volume-title":"Freshwater meiofauna: biology and ecology","author":"P Silver","year":"2002"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0343219.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1071\/MF10044","article-title":"Species traits and resilience of meiofauna to floods and drought in a Mediterranean stream","volume":"61","author":"A Gaudes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar Freshw Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1127\/archiv-hydrobiol\/140\/1997\/131","article-title":"Oxygen, organic matter, and sediment granulometry as controls on hyporheic animal communities","volume":"140","author":"DL Strayer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Limnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015203127320","article-title":"Fluvial geochemistry through a short-duration, tropical-cyclone induced discharge event in the Burdekin River and Hann Creek, North Queensland, Australia","volume":"7","author":"J Alexander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquat Geochem"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0343219.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-15-2379-2018","article-title":"Shifts in stream hydrochemistry in responses to typhoon and non-typhoon precipitation","volume":"15","author":"C-T Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref024","volume-title":"Hurricane Mitch: peak discharge for selected river reaches in Honduras","author":"ME Smith","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2012.07.008","article-title":"Effects of a major typhoon on sediment accumulation in Fangliao Submarine Canyon, SW Taiwan","author":"RP Hale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar Geol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0343219.ref026","first-page":"289","article-title":"Sediment production from Cyclone Bola landslides, Waipaoa catchment","volume":"38","author":"MJ Page","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hydrol N Z"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2307\/2388265","article-title":"Post-Hurricane Hugo increases in atyid shrimp abundances in a Puerto Rican montane stream","volume":"23","author":"AP Covich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref028","first-page":"385","volume-title":"Historia de los temporales de Puerto Rico y las Antillas, 1492 a 1970. 2. ed., rev. y aumentada","author":"LA Salivia","year":"1972"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2737\/SO-GTR-72","volume-title":"An introduction to the physiography and history of the Bisley experimental watersheds in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico","author":"FN Scatena","year":"1989"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0343219.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3159","article-title":"Resistance, resilience, and vulnerability of social\u2010ecological systems to hurricanes in Puerto Rico","volume":"11","author":"JK Zimmerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0343219.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1890\/02-4057","article-title":"Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in Puerto Rico","volume":"74","author":"ER Boose","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/een.13394","article-title":"Hurricane\u2010induced changes in mayfly assemblage structure, production and emergence in a tropical island stream","volume":"50","author":"A Ram\u00edrez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol Entomol"},{"issue":"2059","key":"pone.0343219.ref033","first-page":"20251441","article-title":"Stability and resilience trajectories of stream ecosystems after two major hurricanes","volume":"292","author":"PE Guti\u00e9rrez-Fonseca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0343219.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467400001358","article-title":"Effects of hurricane disturbance on stream water concentrations and fluxes in eight tropical forest watersheds of the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico","volume":"16","author":"Douglas A Schaefer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Trop Ecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0343219.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467411000733","article-title":"Long-term dynamics of organic matter and elements exported as coarse particulates from two Caribbean montane watersheds","volume":"28","author":"T Heartsill Scalley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trop Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.18475\/cjos.v45i1.a8","article-title":"Tree species distributions in relation to stream distance in a mid-montane wet forest, Puerto Rico","volume":"45","author":"TH Scalley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Caribb J Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0037-0738(93)90080-O","article-title":"Morphology and sedimentation in Caribbean montane streams: examples from Jamaica and Puerto Rico","volume":"85","author":"R Ahmad","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sediment Geol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0343219.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1978","article-title":"Lithological and fluvial controls on the geomorphology of tropical montane stream channels in Puerto Rico","volume":"35","author":"AS Pike","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Surf Process Landf"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0343219.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1086\/708808","article-title":"When the rainforest dries: drought effects on a montane tropical stream ecosystem in Puerto Rico","volume":"39","author":"PE Guti\u00e9rrez-Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Freshw Sci"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780195334692.003.0003","article-title":"Geographic and ecological setting of the Luquillo Mountains.","author":"WH McDowell","year":"2012","journal-title":"A Caribbean forest tapestry. Oxford University Press"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref041","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Hurricane Irma","author":"JP Cangialosi","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref042","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Hurricane Maria","author":"RJ Pasch","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.09.110178.000531","article-title":"The ecology of micro-and meiobenthos","volume":"9","author":"TM Fenchel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2427.2000.00588.x","article-title":"An introduction to a special issue on lotic meiofauna","volume":"44","author":"AL Robertson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Freshw Biol"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012332908-0.50027-9","article-title":"Chapter 19 - Meiofauna.","volume-title":"Methods in stream ecology","author":"MA Palmer","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0343219.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.15446\/abc.v28n2.103379","article-title":"Meiofauna in tropical montane streams: biotic and abiotic factors regulating communities","volume":"28","author":"J Santiago-Vera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta biol Colomb"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-009-9224-x","article-title":"Simultaneous enumeration of diatom, protozoa and meiobenthos from marine sediments using Ludox-QPS method","volume":"27","author":"Y Du","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin J Oceanol Limnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2010.04.005","article-title":"A practical method of Ludox density gradient centrifugation combined with protargol staining for extracting and estimating ciliates in marine sediments","volume":"46","author":"K Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0343219.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1127\/archiv-hydrobiol\/130\/1994\/339","article-title":"An improved quantitative protargol stain for ciliates and other planktonic protists","volume":"130","author":"O Skibbe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch F\u00fcr Hydrobiol"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00810282.78","article-title":"A manual for the study of meiofauna","volume":"78","author":"NC Hulings","year":"1971","journal-title":"Smithson Contrib Zool"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8239-9","volume-title":"The Ciliated Protozoa","author":"DH Lynn","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref052","volume-title":"Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States: protozoa to mollusca","author":"RW Pennak","year":"1989"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.15517\/rbt.v62i0.15785","article-title":"Functional feeding groups of aquatic insect families in Latin America: a critical analysis and review of existing literature","author":"A Ram\u00edrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Biol Trop"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref054","volume-title":"Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates","author":"JH Thorp","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1080\/01490451003702925","article-title":"Testate amoebae and nutrient cycling with particular reference to soils","volume":"27","author":"DM Wilkinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomicrobiol J"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref056","article-title":"Prieta streams- Discharge and water level [Internet]","author":"A Ramirez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Data Initiative"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1890\/12-2010.1","article-title":"PERMANOVA, ANOSIM, and the Mantel test in the face of heterogeneous dispersions: What null hypothesis are you testing?","volume":"83","author":"MJ Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref058","first-page":"1006","volume-title":"Numerical ecology","author":"P Legendre","year":"2012","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-095X(199901\/02)10:1<67::AID-ENV336>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Variable selection in large environmental data sets using principal components analysis","volume":"10","author":"JR King","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-1037-6","article-title":"A brief guide to model selection, multimodel inference and model averaging in behavioural ecology using Akaike\u2019s information criterion","volume":"65","author":"MRE Symonds","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-1029-6","article-title":"AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology: some background, observations, and comparisons","volume":"65","author":"KP Burnham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref062","unstructured":"Hammer O, Harper DAT, Ryan PD. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis."},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref063","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing; 2018."},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref064","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Effects of Hurricane Isabel on fish populations and communities in Chesapeake Bay","author":"ED Houde","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref065","first-page":"757","article-title":"Dispersal of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L)","volume":"92","author":"JR Aldrich","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Entomol Soc Wash"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.2307\/2388267","article-title":"The impact of Hurricane Hugo on forest frogs in Puerto Rico","volume":"23","author":"LL Woolbright","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2307\/3225154","article-title":"Dormancy in rotifers","volume":"93","author":"JJ Gilbert","year":"1974","journal-title":"Trans Am Microsc Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(90)90025-V","article-title":"Towards a generalized model of encystment (cryptobiosis) in ciliates: a review and a hypothesis","volume":"24","author":"JC Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0343219.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/d12020062","article-title":"Analysis of encystment, excystment, and cyst structure in freshwater Eutardigrade Thulinius ruffoi (Tardigrada, Isohypsibioidea: Doryphoribiidae)","volume":"12","author":"K Janelt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedobi.2019.150610","article-title":"Tolerance of testate amoeba species to rising sea levels under laboratory conditions and in the South Pacific","volume":"79","author":"M Wanner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pedobiologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0343219.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.1992.tb00597.x","article-title":"Enzymic and molecular analysis of microbial communities associated with lotic particulate organic matter","volume":"28","author":"RL Sinsabaugh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Freshw Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0343219.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1139\/f81-184","article-title":"Initial colonization of artificial substrate: community development and structure studied by scanning electron microscopy","volume":"38","author":"C Hudon","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0343219.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1974.19.5.0853","article-title":"Flooding, as the result of Hurricane Agnes, and its effect on a macrobenthic community in an infertile headwater stream in central Pennsylvania","volume":"19","author":"RL Hoopes","year":"1974","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2307\/2388269","article-title":"The effect of Hurricane Hugo on bird populations in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico","volume":"23","author":"RB Waide","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2307\/2388266","article-title":"The effect of Hurricane Hugo on six invertebrate species in the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico","volume":"23","author":"MR Willig","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.31.100901.141314","article-title":"The effects of bioturbation on soil processes and sediment transport","volume":"31","author":"EJ Gabet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0343219.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1130\/GSATG383A.1","article-title":"Landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria: assessment of an extreme event in Puerto Rico","volume":"29","author":"EK Bessette-Kirton","year":"2019","journal-title":"GSA Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0343219.ref078","first-page":"113","article-title":"Landslides triggered by Hurricane Hugo in Eastern Puerto Rico, September 1989","volume":"28","author":"MC Larsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Caribb J Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.24.010179.002031","article-title":"Detritus processing by macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystems","volume":"24","author":"NH Anderson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.41.010196.000555","article-title":"The role of macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystem function","volume":"41","author":"JB Wallace","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1139\/f80-017","article-title":"The river continuum concept","volume":"37","author":"RL Vannote","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0343219.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2007.01907.x","article-title":"Existing in plenty: abundance, biomass and diversity of ciliates and meiofauna in small streams","volume":"53","author":"J Reiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Freshw Biol"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416558-8.00015-9","article-title":"Chapter 15 - Macroinvertebrates.","volume-title":"Methods in stream ecology, vol. 1","author":"FR Hauer","year":"2017","edition":"3"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.limno.2016.06.001","article-title":"Influence of the ornamental red cherry shrimp Neocaridina davidi (Bouvier, 1904) on freshwater meiofaunal assemblages","volume":"59","author":"S Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Limnologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00321183","article-title":"Effects of omnivorous shrimp in a montane tropical stream: sediment removal, disturbance of sessile invertebrates and enhancement of understory algal biomass","volume":"93","author":"CM Pringle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2427.1996.00487.x","article-title":"Atyid shrimps (Decapoda: Atyidae) influence the spatial heterogeneity of algal communities over different scales in tropical montane streams, Puerto Rico","volume":"35","author":"C Pringle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Freshw Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0343219.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2427.2002.00808.x","article-title":"Effects of freshwater shrimp assemblages on benthic communities along an altitudinal gradient of a tropical island stream","volume":"47","author":"JG March","year":"2002","journal-title":"Freshw Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343219.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.4202","article-title":"Hurricane disturbance drives trophic changes in neotropical mountain stream food webs","volume":"105","author":"PE Guti\u00e9rrez-Fonseca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0343219.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1818-4_19","article-title":"Research in the Luquillo Experimental Forest has advanced understanding of tropical forests and resolved management issues.","volume-title":"USDA Forest Service Experimental Forests and Ranges","author":"AE Lugo","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0343219","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T18:31:20Z","timestamp":1771353080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0343219"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Frontalini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0343219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}}}