{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:37:12Z","timestamp":1793446632902,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Flemish Parkinson League"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006282","name":"King Baudouin Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022-J1811020-226020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-J1811020-226020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006282","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Decreased gait automaticity and increased visual dependency are important contributors to falls in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. The aim of this study was to assess if visual perturbation training during treadmill walking decreases visual dependency in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For this randomized controlled trial 25 early-to-mid-stage people with Parkinson\u2019s disease (age 50-67y) without regular freezing of gait were randomly assigned to a visual perturbation group or treadmill training-only control group. Both groups trained 2 times per week for 6 weeks. Visual perturbation training consisted of self-paced treadmill walking with perturbations applied as rotations around the sagittal axis and medio-lateral translations of the virtual reality environment. The primary outcome was visual dependency. Secondary outcomes included steady-state spatiotemporal gait parameters (gait speed, step time\/length\/width\/frequency, and cadence), as well as self-reported (near) falls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Group x time interaction effects revealed that visual perturbation training significantly decreased visual dependency (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and improved temporal gait characteristics such as step time (p\u2009=\u20090.012), stride time (p\u2009=\u20090.021) and cadence (p\u2009=\u20090.018) compared to treadmill-only controls. However, no significant effects were found for step width, step length, gait speed, and (near) falls. Improvements in visual dependency were negatively correlated to disease progression (p\u2009=\u20090.004). Discussion: Visual perturbation training decreases visual dependency and improves temporal gait parameters in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Participants in earlier disease stages appear to benefit most from visual perturbation training but additional research is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was pre-registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05690308) on 09\/01\/2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0343223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T18:39:46Z","timestamp":1772476786000},"page":"e0343223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Visual perturbation training to reduce visual dependency in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized controlled 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