{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T19:14:10Z","timestamp":1772565250406,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C1012551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C1012551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Skin inflammation arises from complex interactions among immune cells, particularly T cells and neutrophils. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit potent immunomodulatory properties, but the specific roles of tonsil-derived MSCs (T-MSCs) in regulating neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and cell death, as well as T cell migration in inflammatory skin conditions, remain poorly defined. In this study, the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of T-MSCs were investigated in a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced skin inflammation model, with a focus on NET formation and T cell migration. T-MSCs were intravenously administered to mice with DNCB-induced skin inflammation; inflammation severity and immune cell dynamics were evaluated using histological analysis, flow cytometry, immunostaining, microarray profiling, NET assays, and T cell migration assays. T-MSC treatment reduced DNCB-induced skin inflammation, as demonstrated by decreased epidermal thickness and neutrophil infiltration. Although T-MSCs enhanced NET formation\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , they suppressed neutrophil accumulation\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . T-MSCs also modulated the distribution and activation of T cell subsets in the skin and secondary lymphoid organs. Gene expression profiling revealed that T-MSCs regulated pathways associated with inflammation and neutrophil activity, including those involved in immune cell trafficking and NET formation. Moreover, T-MSCs promoted T cell migration, although this effect was influenced by neutrophil presence, indicating complex interplay among immune cells. These findings demonstrate that T-MSCs exert anti-inflammatory effects in DNCB-induced skin inflammation by modulating NET formation and T cell migration, revealing a novel immunoregulatory mechanism and supporting their therapeutic potential for inflammatory skin diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0343617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T18:28:21Z","timestamp":1772562501000},"page":"e0343617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate skin inflammation by modulating neutrophil extracellular trap formation and T cell migration"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3551-9968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyun 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