{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:45:53Z","timestamp":1791499553122,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Enteromorpha intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a green seaweed enriched with diverse bioactive compounds that possess substantial pharmacological and biotechnological properties. Despite the focus on their therapeutic applications, research on the development of nano-formulations is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an\n                    <jats:italic>E. intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EI) extract-based nanoemulsion for topical use. Olive oil, Tween-80 (surfactant), and PEG-400 (co-surfactant) were selected for the formulation of the nanoemulsion. The Smix ratio was set to 1:1 using a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Moreover, a design experiment ascertained the composition of the formulation, followed by physicochemical characterization. The optimal formulation, based on droplet size, was selected for further analysis. Stability studies, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of selected nanoemulsion formulation were determined and acute dermal toxicity assay was also performed. The best formulation (F6) displayed a droplet size of 183.27\u2009\u00b1\u200920.04\u2009nm, PDI of 0.6, and viscosity of 290\u2009\u00b1\u20095.77 m-Pa.S. The developed nanoemulsion exhibited good skin compatibility and a slightly acidic pH. Both the extract and nanoemulsion formulation exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. The nanoemulsion had a lower IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    value of 163.19 \u03bcg\/mL, showing greater efficacy than the seaweed extract alone. Formulation (F6) also significantly (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) inhibited paw volume (8\u201331%) compared to the control, while diclofenac sodium achieved a maximum inhibition of 41%. The designed formulation was stable, effective, and non-irritating demonstrating its potential topical application. This study presents, for the first time, a nanoemulsion formulation that incorporates\n                    <jats:italic>E. intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract. This advancement paves the way for further\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies to assess the efficacy and safety of this formulation for clinical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0343626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:26:47Z","timestamp":1772821607000},"page":"e0343626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development of nanoemulsion formulation loaded with Enteromorpha intestinalis extract: Characterization and evaluation for topical use"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shumaila","family":"Qadir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6415-643X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shahlla","family":"Imam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Abid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima Ramzan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wajiha","family":"Iffat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia Ismail","family":"Yousuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafia","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahana","family":"Wahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iqbal","family":"Azhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0343626.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8030173","article-title":"Nanotechnology in Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals-A Review of Latest Advancements","volume":"8","author":"V 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