{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T18:00:56Z","timestamp":1780941656093,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province General Program","award":["ZR2021ME098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021ME098"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming at the problem of wellbore leakage in the process of sand washing in horizontal wells, this study systematically analyzed the influence of temperature and pressure on the plugging behavior of flushing fluid through the combination of numerical simulation and experimental experiment, and carried out field application. Based on CT technology, the fracture pore structure was reconstructed, and the particle gradation of the well flushing fluid was optimized by combining the Vickers criterion. The particle-fluid interaction model was established by CFD-DEM coupling method. The experimental and simulation results show that the increase of pressure will enhance the sand carrying capacity of fluid, which will lead to the increase of particle invasion depth and aggravate the risk of deep pollution. When the temperature increases, the shallow retention capacity of the particles is enhanced by promoting the thermal expansion of the particles and reducing the viscosity of the well flushing fluid, and the invasion depth is significantly reduced, forming an efficient shallow plugging. The research reveals the law of pressure and temperature on pollution behavior, and provides a theoretical basis for particle system optimization and process parameter design of well washing operation under complex working conditions. The field test shows that the well washing fluid suitable for the formation temperature is optimized, and the construction displacement is reasonably controlled, which can effectively reduce the leakage in the sand washing process and shorten the production recovery period<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0343870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:37:47Z","timestamp":1780940267000},"page":"e0343870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the pollution law of complex working conditions in sand-filled fracture well washing operation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingbang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2363-6741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0343870.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2022.102441","article-title":"Study on borehole temperature distribution when the well-kick and the well-leakage occurs simultaneously during geothermal well drilling","volume":"104","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"pone.0343870.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gete.2024.100586","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of well leakage, part I: Cement stress evolution","volume":"40","author":"A Moghadam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geomechanics for energy and the environment"},{"key":"pone.0343870.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gete.2025.100675","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of well leakage, part II: Case studies for CCS","volume":"42","author":"A Moghadam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geomechanics for energy and the environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0343870.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petlm.2020.01.001","article-title":"An approach to improve wellbore stability in active shale formations using nanomaterials","volume":"7","author":"R Gholami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Petroleum"},{"key":"pone.0343870.ref005","article-title":"A portrait of wellbore leakage in northeastern British Columbia, Canada","author":"J Wisen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"pone.0343870.ref006","article-title":"An innovative fracture plugging evaluation method for drill-in fluid loss control and formation damage prevention in deep fractured tight reservoirs","author":"C Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"pone.0343870.ref007","article-title":"Study on migration law of multiscale temporary plugging agent in rough fractures of shale oil reservoirs","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0343870.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(21)60059-9","article-title":"Research progress and prospect of plugging technologies for fractured formation with severe lost circulation","volume":"48","author":"J Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Petrol Explor Dev"},{"issue":"43","key":"pone.0343870.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28620","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c03021","article-title":"Research and Application of Segmented Acid Fracturing by Temporary Plugging in Ultradeep Carbonate Reservoirs","volume":"6","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"05","key":"pone.0343870.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.2118\/5713-PA","article-title":"Mud Design To Minimize Rock Impairment Due To Particle Invasion","volume":"29","author":"A Abrams","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Petroleum Technology"},{"key":"pone.0343870.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dick MA, Heinz TJ, Svoboda CF, Aston M. 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