{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:10:10Z","timestamp":1776276610554,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG069092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG069092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AG049663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AG049663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Education is a strong predictor of cognitive aging, but little work has evaluated the relationship between early childhood education (ECE) specifically and cognition in midlife and beyond.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Cohort (n\u2009=\u20097,129), we examined the relationship between attending preschool, Head Start (federally-funded free ECE targeted for low-income families), or no ECE, and midlife global cognition. We defined midlife global cognition based on immediate and delayed word recall, serial 7 subtraction, and backwards counting. We used multivariable linear regression models to estimate overall associations and associations among groups more likely eligible for Head Start, and to evaluate heterogeneities by sex, race and ethnicity, and family socioeconomic status (SES).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, preschool, but not Head Start, was associated with better midlife cognition compared to no ECE in some models. Among families more likely eligible for Head Start, we found not only that preschool (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.26; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.51) was associated with better midlife cognition, but also directionally positive evidence that Head Start (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.09; 95% CI: \u22120.08, 0.27) was associated with better midlife cognition. Associations varied; Head Start was associated with higher midlife cognition for Black and Hispanic men and people with higher family SES marginalization compared to other groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides initial evidence suggesting that early childhood education may be associated with better cognition more than 40 years later, especially for Black and Hispanic men and people who faced greater socioeconomic marginalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0343880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:27:47Z","timestamp":1776274067000},"page":"e0343880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Is early childhood education associated with better midlife cognition, especially for children facing socioeconomic marginalization?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5142-9849","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Whitney","family":"Wells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4893-8287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jillian","family":"Hebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chloe W.","family":"Eng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine dP.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anusha M.","family":"Vable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0343880.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.02.003","article-title":"2015 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"11","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"pone.0343880.ref002","volume-title":"World Alzheimer Report 2019: Attitudes to dementia","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0343880.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.12.007","article-title":"Inequalities in dementia incidence between six racial and ethnic groups over 14 years","volume":"12","author":"ER Mayeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & 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