{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:26:15Z","timestamp":1780392375849,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity is a complex public health issue that has risen to epidemic proportions globally. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic costs associated with obesity from governmental and societal perspectives in the State of Kuwait in 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A disease-specific prevalence-based cost-of-illness framework was applied. Key parameters include prevalence of obesity and its related comorbidities, relative risks, healthcare resources, income rate and growth, and lost workdays for patients and relatives, all were derived from literature. The outcomes measured were total healthcare costs, societal costs, and cost per patient, all reported in 2024 Kuwaiti Dinar (KWD), United States dollar ($), and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2024, there were approximately 2 million morbidity cases and 961 mortality cases directly attributed to obesity in Kuwait. The economic burden of obesity was estimated at KWD 4.3 billion ($ 14 billion; PPP$ 21.6 billion) from societal perspective and KWD 3.9 billion ($12.8 billion, PPP 19.7 billion) from governmental perspective, almost 1.3 times healthcare budget. The mean annual societal cost per patient was KWD 1,737 ($5,676; PPP 8,729)\u201417.6% of 2024 Kuwaiti gross domestic product per capita. Furthermore, the mean direct medical cost per patient was KWD 1,586 ($5,184 or PPP 7,972); comprised 3 times the healthcare expenditure per capita.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity and its comorbidities impose a far greater health and economic burden on Kuwait\u2019s healthcare system and national productivity than previously recognized. This study calls for a paradigm shift toward early prevention, culturally tailored strategies, and comprehensive disease management. Expanding access to emerging innovative treatments and leveraging technology-driven tools are essential to support sustained weight management and reduce long-term impacts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:34:40Z","timestamp":1772649280000},"page":"e0344040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A comprehensive economic assessment of the burden of obesity in Kuwait"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4976-0978","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mouaddh Abdulmalik","family":"Nagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9360-6444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Almari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1618-4142","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ziyad S.","family":"Almalki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasir Mohammed Zaroug","family":"Elradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10481","key":"pone.0344040.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00355-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"405","author":"GBD 2021 Adult BMI Collaborators","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0344040.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102848","article-title":"Burden of disease attributable to high body mass index: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"76","author":"X-D Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0344040.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-009773","article-title":"Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for 161 countries","volume":"7","author":"A Okunogbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344040.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01398-y","article-title":"Economic costs of obesity: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"MA Nagi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344040.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00352-9","article-title":"Assessing the economic impact of obesity and overweight on employers: identifying opportunities to improve work force health and well-being","volume":"14","author":"TM Dall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"pone.0344040.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8074837","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8074837","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and overweight among adults in the Middle East Countries from 2000 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"H Okati-Aliabad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344040.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.10.2023.059","article-title":"A scoping review of the biological, socioeconomic and environmental determinants of overweight and obesity among Middle Eastern and Northern African Nationalities","volume":"24","author":"GFD Valdez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"pone.0344040.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2025.102966","article-title":"The prevalence of online food delivery service usage and its association with anthropometric measurements in Muscat, Oman; a cross-sectional study","volume":"50","author":"AY Al Kharusi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"pone.0344040.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_480_18","article-title":"Trends in Fast-food Consumption among Kuwaiti Youth","volume":"10","author":"L Shaban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0344040.ref010","volume-title":"World Obesity Atlas 2025. 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