{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T03:48:13Z","timestamp":1773373693783,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK62813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK62813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan","award":["23K24133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K24133"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) [e-ASIA JRP]","award":["21455124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21455124"]}]},{"name":"Adopting Sustainable Partnerships for Innovative Research Ecosystem","award":["23836904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23836904"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009037","name":"Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21357105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21357105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) [SATREPS]","award":["21357105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21357105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells. The invasive nature of diagnostic procedures and risk of confounding factors hinder the development of reliable diagnostic tools for AIG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic search of four databases. After assessing the study quality using the ROBINS-E tool, a meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the sources of heterogeneity and impact of study bias,<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pooled mean difference in total serum ghrelin (pmol\/L) between patients with AIG and healthy controls was \u221265.28 (95% CI: \u2212178.54, 47.97). Subgroup analysis showed that the mean differences in serum ghrelin for mild, moderate, and severe atrophy were \u221278.85 (95% CI: \u2212165.17, to 7.48), \u221291.97 (95% CI: \u2212183.11, to \u22120.84), and \u2212110.67 (95% CI: \u2212204.77, to \u221216.56), respectively. The sensitivity analysis confirmed that the exclusion of studies with high-risk bias did not significantly alter the results. Meta-regression indicated that BMI contributed substantially to heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although total serum ghrelin levels were not significantly different between patients with AIG and healthy controls, significantly lower levels were observed in patients with moderate-to-severe gastric atrophy. Given the high heterogeneity and limitations of existing studies, the diagnostic utility of serum ghrelin in AIG warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:39:41Z","timestamp":1773337181000},"page":"e0344129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic potential of total serum ghrelin in autoimmune gastritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Iqbal","family":"Taufiqqurrachman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4292-3738","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andro 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Ari","family":"Saputro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irine","family":"Normalina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1415-6033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Miftahussurur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-5819","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoshio","family":"Yamaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344129.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16071310","article-title":"Autoimmune atrophic gastritis: a clinical review","volume":"16","author":"C 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Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0344129.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.101","article-title":"Autoimmune atrophic gastritis--pathogenesis, pathology and management","volume":"10","author":"WL Neumann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344129.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0187-8","article-title":"Autoimmune gastritis","volume":"6","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344129.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.02.018","article-title":"Common features of patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis","volume":"10","author":"E Miceli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol 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