{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:50:48Z","timestamp":1786326648953,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from red algae have attracted considerable interest due to their antioxidant and anticancer properties.\n                      <jats:italic>Gracilaria corticata<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a rich source of sulfated polysaccharides with notable antioxidant and anticancer potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of SPs from\n                      <jats:italic>G. corticata,<\/jats:italic>\n                      determine their chemical and structural features, and evaluate their antioxidant and anticancer activities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The SPs were extracted from\n                      <jats:italic>G. corticata<\/jats:italic>\n                      using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The chemical composition, molecular weight (230\u2009kDa), and structure of the extracted SPs were characterized using standard biochemical assays and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2\u2019-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Cytotoxicity was assessed against HT-29 colon cancer cells and normal CCD-841 cells via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis induction was further examined through Annexin V-FITC\/PI staining and gene expression analysis of apoptosis-related markers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ultrasound-assisted extraction was optimized at 12\u2009min, 800 W power, and a solvent-to-biomass ratio of 30\u2009mL\/g, yielding 34.8% SPs. The SPs contained 84.4% carbohydrates, 8.7% sulfate, and 2.55% protein, with galactose identified as the predominant sugar. Molecular weight was determined to be 230\u2009kDa. Antioxidant assays demonstrated dose-dependent activity, reaching 81.92% (DPPH) and 86.34% (ABTS) radical scavenging. SPs inhibited HT-29 cell viability with an IC\u2085\u2080 of 171 \u03bcg\/mL and a selectivity index (SI) of 3.48. Apoptosis was induced via increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered expression of key genes, including upregulation of\n                      <jats:italic>Bax<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>P53<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Caspase 3<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and downregulation of\n                      <jats:italic>BCL2<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SPs extracted from\n                      <jats:italic>G. corticata,<\/jats:italic>\n                      show strong antioxidant and selective anticancer activity through ROS-mediated apoptosis. These findings support their potential use as natural therapeutic agents in pharmaceutical development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T17:27:15Z","timestamp":1779125235000},"page":"e0344172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ROS-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cells induced by sulfated polysaccharides from Gracilaria corticata"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zeynab","family":"Falihzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5896-1451","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laleh","family":"Roomiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0344172.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101174","article-title":"Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040","volume":"14","author":"Y Xi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0344172.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155492","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharides attenuate chemotherapy-induced immune injury by modulating gut microbiota and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism","volume":"128","author":"H Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344172.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12441","article-title":"Nutraceutical potential of seaweed polysaccharides: structure, bioactivity, safety, and toxicity","volume":"18","author":"B Tanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344172.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2017.1345031","article-title":"Enhancement of biochemical and nutritional contents of some cultivated seaweeds under laboratory conditions","volume":"15","author":"MM Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diet Suppl"},{"key":"pone.0344172.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105738","article-title":"Identification and molecular mechanism of novel antioxidant peptides from tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.)","volume":"63","author":"Y Quan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0344172.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.4c01682","article-title":"Marine-origin polysaccharides and their chemically modified derivatives as sources of advanced biofunctional materials for biomedical applications","volume":"26","author":"V Sousa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"pone.0344172.ref007","first-page":"294","article-title":"A sulfated polysaccharide of Ecklonia cava inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells by inducing apoptosis","volume":"14","author":"G Ahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"pone.0344172.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2022.102919","article-title":"Sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine microalgae, Synechococcus sp. 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