{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:48:48Z","timestamp":1780580928583,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    There are no definitive clinical practice guidelines regarding the necessity and dosage of trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole (TMP\/SMX) prophylaxis for\n                    <jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:italic>\n                    pneumonia (PJP) in individuals undergoing rituximab therapy. This retrospective study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of various TMP\u2013SMX prophylactic dosing regimens over a 1-year period in 690 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with rituximab at a university hospital in Thailand from 2013 to 2022. Out of these patients, 622 (90.1%) received TMP\/SMX, with a mean duration of prophylaxis of 265.7 days (SD 85.66). The overall incidence of PJP was 1% (7 patients), which was significantly higher in the non-prophylaxis group (5.8%, 4 patients) compared to the prophylaxis group (0.6%, 3 patients). No cases of PJP occurred among those receiving standard prophylaxis or a single-strength tablet every other day, three times a week. However, instances in the prophylaxis cohort were reported in patients who took two single-strength tablets twice daily, twice a week. Prophylaxis resulted in a significant reduction in the one-year incidence of PJP, with a hazard ratio of 0.105 (95% CI: 0.023\u20130.469). Mild adverse reactions were noted in 3.05% of patients, all of whom recovered. These findings suggest that TMP\/SMX prophylaxis was associated with a lower incidence of PJP and was well tolerated. Future studies should explore optimal dosing strategies while considering patient selection bias and concurrent immunosuppressive therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T18:26:53Z","timestamp":1772562413000},"page":"e0344273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Real-world clinical effectiveness of trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole for primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis pneumonia in non-hodgkin lymphoma patients treated with rituximab"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Patcharaporn","family":"Charoenrit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pimjai","family":"Niparuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0966-2708","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Porpon","family":"Rotjanapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0344273.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu094","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Updated Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases 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