{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T18:12:34Z","timestamp":1773425554651,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP-130383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-130383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Birth weight is an important determinant of infant growth and development associated with neonatal morbidity (e.g., respiratory distress, hypoglycemia) and mortality, as well as long-term health risks such as developmental delays and chronic conditions (e.g., asthma, type 2 diabetes) in later life. These adverse health outcomes are particularly concerning when infants are born small or large for their gestational age. A potential strategy to improve optimal birth weight is preconception care, with consistent evidence demonstrating a relationship between maternal preconception health and infant birth weight. However, little attention has been given to the influence of paternal preconception health on pregnancy outcomes. This scoping review aimed to capture the existing literature and highlight evidence gaps regarding associations between paternal preconception health and infant birth weight. We followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews. The review considered studies that included men in the preconception period who identified as the parent of a child for whom infant birth weight outcomes were reported. Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus and CINAHL databases were searched to June 30, 2024. Two independent reviewers screened the titles\/abstracts and full-text articles. Data extraction was performed independently by two researchers using a standardized form in Covidence. The data were synthesized narratively according to the paternal preconception health factors identified within the included studies (e.g., physical well-being, health behaviors, substance use, environmental exposures, mental health, and treatment effects). From 7,690 citations, 57 published studies were included in the review. Most studies were conducted in China (n\u2009=\u200918, 31.6%) or the United States (US) (n\u2009=\u200917, 29.8%) and used a cohort design (n\u2009=\u200954, 94.7%). Our review identified growing evidence that specific paternal preconception factors, such as physical well-being (e.g., BMI, physical health), certain medications (e.g., recreational drugs, sulfonylureas, diazepam), and environmental chemical exposure, may adversely influence infant birth weight. There are mixed findings related to other paternal health factors, including some health behaviors (e.g., nutrition, sleep, physical activity), substance use, and mental health. Consideration should be given to expanding preconception counseling and public health initiatives to include fathers, to improve paternal health and potentially reduce risks to offspring (e.g., birth weight). We also identified key areas where further research is required to advance knowledge in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:42:10Z","timestamp":1773423730000},"page":"e0344275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The influence of paternal preconception health on infant birth weight: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-7242","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cindy-Lee","family":"Dennis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"McQueen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8928-7647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justine","family":"Dol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alistair","family":"Dennis-Grantham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisy R.","family":"Singla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia Carneiro Godoy","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4549-1216","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tina","family":"Montreuil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine S.","family":"Birken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shefaly","family":"Shorey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344275.ref001","article-title":"Low birth weight and its associated risk factors: Health facility-based case-control study","volume":"15","author":"A KC","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.33590\/emjreprohealth\/10310887","article-title":"Maternal Lifestyle Factors and Fetal Macrosomia Risk: A Review","author":"KM Redfern","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMJ Repro Health"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.11606\/S1518-8787.2018052000252","article-title":"Factors associated with preventable infant death: a multiple logistic regression","volume":"52","author":"SMC Vidal E Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344275.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogrm.2020.02.011","article-title":"Fetal macrosomia","volume":"30","author":"MC Vieira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344275.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30565-5","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of low birthweight in 2015, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis","volume":"7","author":"H Blencowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344275.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt304","article-title":"Birth weight, physical morbidity, and mortality: a population-based sibling-comparison study","volume":"179","author":"QA Class","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078232","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1078232","article-title":"Neurocognitive function and associations with mental health in adults born preterm with very low birthweight or small for gestational age at term","volume":"13","author":"S Weider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2016.08.003","article-title":"Macrosomia","volume":"38","author":"E Araujo J\u00fanior","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344275.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14787","article-title":"Macrosomia and large for gestational age in Asia: One size does not fit all","volume":"47","author":"L Harvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344275.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20279","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal complications of fetal macrosomia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"J Beta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344275.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.15446\/revfacmed.v66n2.61577","article-title":"Risk factors associated with low birth weight in the Americas: literature review","volume":"66","author":"J Gonz\u00e1lez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Fac Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344275.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2019.03.014","article-title":"Sociodemographic factors associated with preterm birth and low birth weight: A cross-sectional study","volume":"32","author":"P Hidalgo-Lopezosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.03.055","article-title":"Association between ambient fine particulate matter and preterm birth or term low birth weight: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"227","author":"X Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"10132","key":"pone.0344275.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30312-X","article-title":"Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences","volume":"391","author":"TP Fleming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10132","key":"pone.0344275.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30311-8","article-title":"Before the beginning: nutrition and lifestyle in the preconception period and its importance for future health","volume":"391","author":"J Stephenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344275.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17269\/CJPH.108.6029","article-title":"Preconception health interventions delivered in public health and community settings: A systematic review","volume":"108","author":"HK Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.11.022","article-title":"Preconception health behaviours: A scoping review","volume":"96","author":"KI Toivonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3109\/13814788.2015.1099039","article-title":"The effects of preconception interventions on improving reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes in primary care: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"N Hussein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15335-1","article-title":"Paternal preconception modifiable risk factors for adverse pregnancy and offspring outcomes: a review of contemporary evidence from observational studies","volume":"23","author":"T Carter","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344275.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3521-0","article-title":"Impact of maternal and paternal preconception health on birth outcomes using prospective couples\u2019 data in Add Health","volume":"291","author":"JL Moss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344275.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.12.026","article-title":"Association of preconception paternal health on perinatal outcomes: analysis of U.S. claims data","volume":"113","author":"AM Kasman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0344275.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6595","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216595","article-title":"Adverse Birth and Child Outcomes in Children Fathered by Men Treated with Antidiabetics Prior to Conception: A Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"11","author":"BM N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.01.008","article-title":"Birth outcomes and background exposures to select elements, the Longitudinal Investigation of Fertility and the Environment (LIFE)","volume":"138","author":"MS Bloom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.06.015","article-title":"Paternal and maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and birth weight of singletons conceived by subfertile couples","volume":"107","author":"C Messerlian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344275.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.12.037","article-title":"The appraisal of body content (ABC) trial: increased male or female adiposity does not significantly impact in vitro fertilization laboratory or clinical outcomes","volume":"116","author":"J Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0344275.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey234","article-title":"Maternal and paternal preconception exposure to bisphenols and size at birth","volume":"33","author":"V Mustieles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.03.020","article-title":"Paternal Exposure to Immunosuppressive and\/or Biologic Agents and Birth Outcomes in Patients With Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"161","author":"J Meserve","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0344275.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4276","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244276","article-title":"The Impact of Parental Preconception Nutrition, Body Weight, and Exercise Habits on Offspring Health Outcomes: A Narrative Review","volume":"16","author":"A Jahan-Mihan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0344275.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-024-03243-1","article-title":"Multifaceted paternal exposures before conception and their epigenetic impact on offspring","volume":"41","author":"X Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07271-7","article-title":"The Canadian Healthy Life Trajectories Initiative (HeLTI) Trial: A Study Protocol for Monitoring Fidelity of a Preconception-Lifestyle Behaviour Intervention","volume":"24","author":"CL Dennis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344275.ref031","article-title":"Influence of paternal preconception health on pregnancy, intrapartum, postpartum and early childhood outcomes: protocol for a parallel scoping review","volume":"14","author":"C-L Dennis","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344275.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref033","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute. The Joanna Briggs Institute reviewers\u2019 manual 2015 methodology for JBI scoping reviews. 2015."},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref034","article-title":"Covidence Systematic Review Software. [Internet]","author":"Veritas Health Innovation","journal-title":"Melbourne, Australia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02178-5","article-title":"Mapping reviews, scoping reviews, and evidence and gap maps (EGMs): the same but different- the \u201cBig Picture\u201d review family","volume":"12","author":"F Campbell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04953-z","article-title":"The influence of paternal overweight on sperm chromatin integrity, fertilization rate and pregnancy outcome among males attending fertility clinic for IVF\/ICSI treatment","volume":"22","author":"R Bibi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0344275.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711452200054X","article-title":"Preconception paternal\/maternal BMI and risk of small\/large for gestational age infant in over 4\u00b77 million Chinese women aged 20-49 years: a population-based cohort study in China","volume":"129","author":"T Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285343","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2023.2285343","article-title":"Effect of paternal body mass index on maternal and child-health outcomes of singletons after frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles: a retrospective study","volume":"27","author":"X Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Fertil (Camb)"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826665","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.826665","article-title":"Effects of Paternal Obesity on Fetal Development and Pregnancy Complications: A Prospective Clinical Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"J Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114250","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1114250","article-title":"Effects of paternal obesity on maternal-neonatal outcomes and long-term prognosis in adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Y Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344275.ref041","article-title":"Effect of paternal body mass index on neonatal outcomes of singletons after frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles: analysis of 7,908 singleton newborns","volume":"113","author":"M Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0344275.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.16777","article-title":"Association of Periconception Paternal Body Mass Index With Persistent Changes in DNA Methylation of Offspring in Childhood","volume":"2","author":"N Noor","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344275.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2021.1945558","article-title":"Paternal body mass index before conception associated with offspring\u2019s birth weight in Chinese population: a prospective study","volume":"42","author":"R Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344275.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12213","article-title":"Parental Body Mass Index, Gestational Weight Gain, and Risk of Macrosomia: a Population-Based Case-Control Study in China","volume":"29","author":"S Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.220286","article-title":"Effect of paternal body mass index on in vitro fertilization and neonatal outcomes among oligozoospermia and asthenospermia patients","volume":"42","author":"X Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344275.ref046","first-page":"405","article-title":"Birthweight associations with parental obesity: retrospective analysis of 1,778 singleton term births following assisted reproductive treatment","volume":"2","author":"NO McPherson","year":"2021","journal-title":"F S Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344275.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu006","article-title":"Effects of paternal and maternal lifestyle factors on pregnancy complications and perinatal outcome. A population-based birth-cohort study: the GECKO Drenthe cohort","volume":"29","author":"MAQ Mutsaerts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-021-00172-1","article-title":"Paternal weight prior to conception and infant birthweight: a prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"R Retnakaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955544","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.955544","article-title":"Association between paternal pre-pregnancy body mass index with preterm birth and low birth weight","volume":"10","author":"M Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036689","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1036689","article-title":"Parental pre-pregnancy body mass index and risk of low birth weight in offspring: a prospective cohort study in central China","volume":"10","author":"J Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344275.ref051","first-page":"11370","article-title":"Paternal factors to the offspring birth weight: the 829 birth cohort study","volume":"8","author":"C Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837881","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1837881","article-title":"Increased Risk of Stillbirth among Women whose Partner Has Tuberculosis","volume":"2021","author":"Q Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344275.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2019.07.005","article-title":"Paternal preconception folate intake in relation to gestational age at delivery and birthweight of newborns conceived through assisted reproduction","volume":"39","author":"N Mart\u00edn-Calvo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S353131","article-title":"Men\u2019s Sleep Quality and Assisted Reproductive Technology Outcomes in Couples Referred to a Fertility Clinic: A Chinese Cohort Study","volume":"14","author":"C-Q Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344275.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.38212\/2224-6614.3355","article-title":"Adverse effects on birth weight of parental illegal drug use during pregnancy and within two years before pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"CH Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Food Drug Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.44527","article-title":"Analysis of Preconception Paternal Smoking and Neonatal Outcomes","volume":"5","author":"J Horwitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2013.05.005","article-title":"Parental smoking during pregnancy and its association with low birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm birth offspring: A birth cohort study","volume":"55","author":"TJ Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344275.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13595","article-title":"Association Between Paternal Alcohol Consumption Before Conception and Anogenital Distance of Offspring","volume":"42","author":"R Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1308016","article-title":"Preconception maternal and paternal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and birth size: the LIFE study","volume":"123","author":"CA Robledo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.11.022","article-title":"Placental weight in relation to maternal and paternal preconception and prenatal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among subfertile couples","volume":"169","author":"V Mustieles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0060-5","article-title":"Parental urinary biomarkers of preconception exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates in relation to birth outcomes","volume":"14","author":"MM Smarr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158852","article-title":"Association of phthalate exposure with low birth weight in couples conceiving naturally or via assisted reproductive technology in a prospective birth cohort","volume":"855","author":"L Zang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344275.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000222","article-title":"Association of preconception mixtures of phenol and phthalate metabolites with birthweight among subfertile couples","volume":"6","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.02.017","article-title":"Preconception and prenatal urinary concentrations of phenols and birth size of singleton infants born to mothers and fathers from the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) study","volume":"114","author":"C Messerlian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114215","article-title":"Birth outcomes associated with paternal polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyl exposure","volume":"214","author":"LS Redmond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344275.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07954","article-title":"Maternal and paternal preconception serum concentrations of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances in relation to birth outcomes","volume":"58","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344275.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009565","article-title":"Paternal exposure to medical-related radiation associated with low birthweight infants: A large population-based, retrospective cohort study in rural China","volume":"97","author":"S Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100564","article-title":"Parental mental health before and during pregnancy and offspring birth outcomes: A 20-year preconception cohort of maternal and paternal exposure","volume":"27","author":"EA Spry","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02115-x","article-title":"Paternity in male kidney transplant recipients: a French national survey, the PATeRNAL study","volume":"21","author":"A Boyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344275.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04426.x","article-title":"Effects of preconceptional paternal drug exposure on birth outcomes: cohort study of 340\u2009000 pregnancies using Norwegian population-based databases","volume":"75","author":"A Engeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344275.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17113","article-title":"Paternal use of medications for inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of hospital-diagnosed infections in the offspring: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"56","author":"S Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344275.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.7182\/pit2013636","article-title":"Outcomes of pregnancies fathered by solid-organ transplant recipients exposed to mycophenolic acid products","volume":"23","author":"A Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Transplant"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0344275.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.405","article-title":"Birth Outcomes in Children Fathered by Men Treated with Anti-TNF-\u03b1 Agents Before Conception","volume":"111","author":"MD Larsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12857","article-title":"Birth Outcome of Children Fathered by Men Treated with Systemic Corticosteroids during the Conception Period - A Cohort Study based on Nationwide Data","volume":"122","author":"MD Larsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13551","article-title":"Paternal preconception exposure to non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids and adverse birth outcomes: A nationwide registry-based cohort study","volume":"13","author":"K Lund","year":"2025","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344275.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13159","article-title":"Obstetric and neonatal outcome of pregnancies fathered by males on immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation","volume":"15","author":"N-H Morken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0344275.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312123","article-title":"Reassuring results on birth outcomes in children fathered by men treated with azathioprine\/6-mercaptopurine within 3\u2005months before conception: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"66","author":"BM N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0344275.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17189","article-title":"The safety of paternal and maternal use of 5-aminosalicylic acid during conception and pregnancy: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"56","author":"BM N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0344275.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04518-3","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in partners of male ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 biologics: real-life results from a single-centre cross-sectional study","volume":"40","author":"OA Uyaroglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0344275.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7107","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20237107","article-title":"The Dutch Pregnancy Drug Register: Suitable to Study Paternal Drug Exposures?","volume":"20","author":"AE van der Mijle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38919","article-title":"No excess risks in offspring with paternal preconception exposure to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs","volume":"67","author":"M Wallenius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344275.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket390","article-title":"No evidence for an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome after paternal low-dose methotrexate: an observational cohort study","volume":"53","author":"C Weber-Schoendorfer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.10.004","article-title":"Birth outcomes after preconception paternal exposure to methotrexate: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"74","author":"RW Winter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.05.005","article-title":"Methotrexate use among men-association with fertility and the perinatal health of their children: a Swedish nationwide register study","volume":"120","author":"P Zar\u00e9n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0344275.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-224048","article-title":"Paternal obesity initiates metabolic disturbances in two generations of mice with incomplete penetrance to the F2 generation and alters the transcriptional profile of testis and sperm microRNA content","volume":"27","author":"T Fullston","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.02.006","article-title":"Sperm epigenetics and influence of environmental factors","volume":"14","author":"I Donkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0217-2","article-title":"Obesity-related DNA methylation at imprinted genes in human sperm: Results from the TIEGER study","volume":"8","author":"A Soubry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2013.840687","article-title":"Lifestyle and semen quality: role of modifiable risk factors","volume":"60","author":"J Jurewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med"},{"key":"pone.0344275.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.108832","article-title":"Exploring the impact of environmental factors on male reproductive health through epigenetics","volume":"132","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344275.ref090","first-page":"11","article-title":"Influence of paternal preconception exposures on their offspring: through epigenetics to phenotype","volume":"5","author":"J Day","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Stem Cells"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344275","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:42:24Z","timestamp":1773423744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344275"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Maher Abdelraheim","family":"Titi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344275","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]}}}