{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:03:07Z","timestamp":1787022187850,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite significant advancements in management, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a global health concern. Limited research exists on the nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the Middle East. This study assessed nutrition-related KAP and mental health status among PLHIV attending an HIV management clinic in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was used to assess HIV\/AIDS nutrition-related KAP. The total KAP scores ranged from 13\u201369, with scores between 13\u201332 representing poor, 33\u201351 average, and 52\u201369 good KAP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to screen the patients for anxiety and depression. Data was collected face-to-face from August to November 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were collected from 63 patients attending an outpatient clinic. The mean age of the participants was 40\u2009\n                      <jats:bold>\u00b1<\/jats:bold>\n                      \u200912.4 years, and 80% were men. Most participants (87.3%) demonstrated good KAP (84.6%% and 89.8% for females and males, respectively). Mental health screening for depression and anxiety showed mean total scores of 4.73\u2009\n                      <jats:bold>\u00b1<\/jats:bold>\n                      \u20093.6 and 4.9\u2009\n                      <jats:bold>\u00b1<\/jats:bold>\n                      \u20094.9, respectively, which correspond to normal levels. The prevalence of abnormal HADS depression and HADS Anxiety were 8.0% and 17.%, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found that the participants had good nutrition-related KAP scores, with the prevalence of depression and anxiety less than 20% which is significantly lower than estimates for PLHIV worldwide. This is the first study to explore KAP and mental health status among PLHIV in the Arabian Gulf region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:30:41Z","timestamp":1772649041000},"page":"e0344288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, practice, and mental health status of people living with HIV in Dubai, United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional descriptive study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Souheir M.","family":"Alia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5520-7664","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taoufik L.","family":"Zoubeidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2685-1244","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Habiba I.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0344288.ref001","unstructured":"About HIV\/AIDS | HIV Basics | HIV\/AIDS | CDC [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Jan 29]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/whatishiv.html"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref002","unstructured":"The path that ends AIDS: UNAIDS Global AIDS Update 2023 | UNAIDS [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 22]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2023\/global-aids-update-2023"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref003","unstructured":"Middle East and North Africa | UNAIDS [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sept 24]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/middleeastandnorthafrica"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref004","unstructured":"WHO EMRO - United Arab Emirates HIV\/AIDS country profile 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 22]. Available from: https:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/asd\/country-activities\/united-arab-emirates.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref005","unstructured":"World Bank Open Data [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 22]. World Bank Open Data. Available from: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref006","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 29]. HIV and AIDS and Mental Health. Available from: https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/hiv-aids"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0344288.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(24)00263-7","article-title":"HIV incidence and factors associated with HIV risk among people who inject drugs engaged with harm-reduction programmes in four provinces in South Africa: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"A Artenie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344288.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-04121-y","article-title":"The role of socioeconomic and behavioral factors in HIV-related deaths","volume":"11","author":"M Din\u00e7er","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-018-0256-5","article-title":"Nutritional knowledge, dietary practice and associated factors among adults on antiretroviral therapy in Felege Hiwot referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"GM Mengie","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344288.ref010","article-title":"Micronutrient supplementation in adults with HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"ME Visser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banwat ME. An Assessment of the Nutritional Knowledge, Practice and Status of Adult HIV\/Aids Patients Attending an Art Centre in Jos, North Central Nigeria. Health Care: Current Reviews [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Jan 2];4(2). Available from: http:\/\/www.esciencecentral.org\/journals\/an-assessment-of-the-nutritional-knowledge-practice-and-status-of-adult-hivaids-patients-attending-an-art-centre-in-jos-north-central-nigeria.hccr.1000101.php?aid=19027","DOI":"10.4172\/hccr.1000101"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0344288.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.36295\/ASRO.2019.221129","article-title":"The Relationship between Nutritional Knowledge and Attitudes toward Food Intake and Nutritional Status of People with HIVAIDS","volume":"22","author":"MD Larasati","year":"2019","journal-title":"ATMPH"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344288.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2174\/011570162X306347240617192913","article-title":"Knowledge about HIV and Stigmatizing Attitudes of Medical Students in Saudi Arabia Towards Patients with HIV\/AIDS: A Cross-Sectional Nationwide Study","volume":"22","author":"EF Hakami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344288.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12080","article-title":"Knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV\/AIDS: a survey among dental students in Ajman, UAE","volume":"6","author":"G Premadasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Investig Clin Dent"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0344288.ref015","article-title":"Knowledge and Attitudes of Undergraduate University Students in Oman With Regard to People Living With HIV","volume":"16","author":"R Al Bahri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref016","unstructured":"University Students\u2019 Knowledge and Attitude towards HIV\/AIDS in Qatar [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 25]. Available from: https:\/\/platform.almanhal.com\/Details\/Articles\/18542?lang=ar"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0344288.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.26719\/2010.16.8.901","article-title":"HIV-related knowledge and AIDS stigma among college students in Yemen","volume":"16","author":"AM Badahdah","year":"2010","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344288.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020745","article-title":"HIV Knowledge and Stigmatizing Attitude towards People Living with HIV\/AIDS among Medical Students in Jordan","volume":"19","author":"M Sallam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344288.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249025","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards people living with HIV\/AIDS in Lebanon","volume":"16","author":"L Youssef","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344288.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/0272684X211004923","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding HIV, HBV, and HCV among medical students of Syrian private university, Damascus, Syria","volume":"43","author":"F Mohsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Community Health Equity Research & Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344288.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.04.002","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS-knowledge and attitudes in the Arabian Peninsula: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"WA Aldhaleei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344288.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0437-9","article-title":"HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: a test of the HIV stigma framework","volume":"17","author":"VA Earnshaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344288.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0B013E31822D490A","article-title":"Depression and HIV\/AIDS treatment nonadherence: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"JS Gonzalez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0344288.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002227","article-title":"Mental health and HIV\/AIDS: the need for an integrated response","volume":"33","author":"RH Remien","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344288.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2023.2285733","article-title":"Global prevalence of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV\/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the past five years","volume":"36","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji J, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Jia L, Cai M, Li Z, et al. People who living with HIV\/AIDS also have a high prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2024 Feb 6 [cited 2025 Nov 22];15. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/psychiatry\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1259290\/full","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1259290"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.90.23294","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among people living with HIV attending tertiary care hospitals in Oman","volume":"37","author":"A Al Madhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref028","unstructured":"Baghel S, Srivastava S, Verma A. Impact of nutrition education on nutritional knowledge, attitude and practices of HIV patients attending ART center of Susheela Tiwari Hospital, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India. 2015;3:1\u20138."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344288.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref030","article-title":"Development and validation of Arabic version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale","volume":"11","author":"AS Terkawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794353","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.794353","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the HADS measure of anxiety and depression among multiple sclerosis patients in Croatia","volume":"12","author":"A Jerkovi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344288.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/0748175613513808","article-title":"Critical values for Lawshe\u2019s content validity ratio: Revisiting the original methods of calculation","volume":"47","author":"C Ayre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref033","unstructured":"Nikolopoulou K. Scribbr. 2022 [cited 2023 May 14]. What Is Content Validity? | Definition & Examples. Available from: https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/content-validity\/"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref034","unstructured":"WMA - The World Medical Association-WMA Declaration of Helsinki \u2013 Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sept 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.wma.net\/policies-post\/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects\/"},{"issue":"7573","key":"pone.0344288.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38994.400370.7C","article-title":"HIV in the Middle East","volume":"333","author":"CM Obermeyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Raddad L, Akala FA, Semini I, Riedner G, Wilson D, Tawil O. Characterizing the HIV\/AIDS Epidemic in the Middle East and North Africa [Internet]. The World Bank; 2010 [cited 2024 June 2]. 282 p. Available from: https:\/\/elibrary.worldbank.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1596\/978-0-8213-8137-3","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-8137-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344288.ref037","first-page":"77","article-title":"Nutritional Assessment of HIV\/AIDS Patients in Centre Region of Cameroon: A Pilot Study","volume":"4","author":"FFD Perpetue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Food and Nutrition Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344288.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200405010-00013","article-title":"Low-dose iron supplementation does not increase HIV-1 load","volume":"36","author":"A Olsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pone.0344288.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745545","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.745545","article-title":"Stigma, Social Support, Illicit Drug Use, and Other Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Among HIV\/AIDS Patients in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"9","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344288.ref040","first-page":"112","article-title":"Review of treatment studies of depression in HIV","volume":"14","author":"BO Olatunji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Top HIV Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344288.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/TIN.0000000000000013","article-title":"Nutrition Risk and Complications in HIV\/AIDS","volume":"29","author":"L Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Topics in Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344288.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-014-0220-1","article-title":"Depression and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in low-, middle- and high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"OA Uthman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0344288.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181960","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with depression in people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"C Bernard","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:30:49Z","timestamp":1772649049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344288"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344288","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]}}}