{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:50:38Z","timestamp":1792799438122,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis is an infectious disease with a substantial impact on public health, with the pulmonary form representing the most significant concern. The disease poses considerable risks to the elderly population, as it frequently manifests in conjunction with other age-related conditions, thereby complicating both diagnosis and clinical management. Several factors, including comorbidities, male sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption, may contribute to the development of the disease. This study aimed to identify, through a literature review, the main factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in older adults. A scoping review was conducted following the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute and in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR extension for this type of study and was registered with the Open Science Framework. The research question was developed using the Population, Concept, and Context framework. Searches were conducted in electronic databases including PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. Additionally, gray literature was retrieved from Google Scholar and the CAPES Theses and Dissertations Catalog. Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS), along with their MeSH and Emtree equivalents, were used to identify the terms \u201cOlder Adults,\u201d \u201cPulmonary Tuberculosis,\u201d and \u201cRisk Factors,\u201d combined with Boolean operators AND and OR. Pulmonary tuberculosis was found to be strongly associated with older male individuals, those with a prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, smokers, alcohol users, individuals with close contact with active TB cases, and those with liver cirrhosis. The findings suggest that pulmonary tuberculosis is determined by multifactorial conditions, including those naturally associated with aging. The study underscores the need for targeted public health policies that integrate active surveillance, early diagnosis, and social support. The results provide a basis for evidence-based interventions aimed at controlling pulmonar tuberculosis in this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:36:52Z","timestamp":1772822212000},"page":"e0344311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in older adults: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2403-4830","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francisco de Assis Moura","family":"Batista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Iscarlaty Freire","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Cunha","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thalyta Cristina Mansano","family":"Schlosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8182-7776","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clarissa Terenzi","family":"Seixas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana Loana","family":"Oliveira-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilson","family":"de Vasconcelos Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Elza Oliveira","family":"de Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaiza Teixeira Xavier","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0344311.ref001","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2025 [Internet","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref002","author":"Brasil.","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344311.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcdt.2013.05.001","article-title":"Pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis in elderly patients in Sohag Governorate: Hospital based study","volume":"62","author":"MT Hussein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egypt J Chest Dis Tubercul"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref004","author":"Brasil","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344311.ref005","article-title":"Tuberculose em pessoas idosas: porta de entrada do sistema de sa\u00fade e o diagn\u00f3stico tardio","volume":"24","author":"SLE Andrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Enferm UER"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344311.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026256","article-title":"Weighted kappa: nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit","volume":"70","author":"J Cohen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-15-3","article-title":"Screening for pulmonary tuberculosis in type 2 diabetes elderly: a cross-sectional study in a community hospital","volume":"15","author":"Y-H Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344311.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0515-y","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of active pulmonary tuberculosis among elderly people in China: a population based cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"C-Y Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref010","article-title":"Aspectos da tuberculose em idosos","volume":"40","author":"ILS Freire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Scientiarum Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref011","author":"JC Vasconcelos","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S459260","article-title":"A study on risk factors for readmission of elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis within one month using propensity score matching method","volume":"17","author":"Y Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0344311.ref013","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Tobacco and tuberculosis: a qualitative systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"K Slama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344311.ref014","first-page":"47","article-title":"Aspectos epidemiol\u00f3gicos, cl\u00ednicos e evolutivos da tuberculose em idosos de um hospital universit\u00e1rio em Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1","volume":"20","author":"EC Chaves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344311.ref015","article-title":"Tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"H-H Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344311.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00072909","article-title":"Global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD","volume":"35","author":"RN van Zyl Smit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344311.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24507","article-title":"Prospective cohort study on tuberculosis incidence and risk factors in the elderly population of eastern China","volume":"10","author":"H Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0344311.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002119","article-title":"Sex differences in tuberculosis burden and notifications in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"KC Horton","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref019","author":"Brasil","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344311.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-81232005000100017","article-title":"Assist\u00eancia \u00e0 sa\u00fade dos homens: um desafio para os servi\u00e7os de aten\u00e7\u00e3o prim\u00e1ria","volume":"10","author":"W Figueiredo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc sa\u00fade coletiva"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-81232002000400007","article-title":"G\u00eanero, morbidade, acesso e utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de servi\u00e7os de sa\u00fade no Brasil","volume":"7","author":"RS Pinheiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref022","volume-title":"Tuberculosis and diabetes","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0344311.ref023","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and prevalence of other comorbid conditions: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"H Bodke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344311.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175925","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus comorbidity: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"MH Workneh","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344311.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2024.03.005","article-title":"Revisiting the association between vitamin D deficiency and active tuberculosis: a prospective case-control study in Taiwan","volume":"57","author":"M-S Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"9760","key":"pone.0344311.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61972-1","article-title":"Tuberculosis burden in households of patients with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"377","author":"MC Becerra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref027","first-page":"23","article-title":"Caracter\u00edsticas de pacientes com diabetes rastreados para tuberculose em um hospital de cuidados terci\u00e1rios no sul da \u00cdndia","volume":"3","author":"S Kumpatla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health Action"},{"key":"pone.0344311.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-25","article-title":"Risk factors for treatment delay in pulmonary tuberculosis in Recife, Brazil","volume":"5","author":"MAPS dos Santos","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344311.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172942","article-title":"Identifying risk factors associated with smear positivity of pulmonary tuberculosis in Kazakhstan","volume":"12","author":"S Hermosilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344311.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.02.015","article-title":"Alcohol use and clinical manifestations of tuberculosis","volume":"58","author":"CT Fiske","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344311.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.17190","article-title":"Incidence, causes, and risk factors for unplanned readmission in patients admitted with pulmonary tuberculosis in China","volume":"17","author":"X Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344311","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:36:57Z","timestamp":1772822217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344311"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pedro Eduardo","family":"Almeida da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344311","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]}}}