{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:09:48Z","timestamp":1790273388595,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal participation in neurodevelopmental research involving neuroimaging and diverse biological samples is essential for understanding prenatal influences on early brain development, yet willingness in low-resource settings remains underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We surveyed 300 mothers using a structured questionnaire to assess willingness to undergo brain health testing (with a focus on electroencephalography [EEG] and brain magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), provide biological samples (blood, stool, urine, breast milk, placenta, amniotic fluid, vaginal\/nasal fluid, saliva, tears), and consent to 10-year storage of diagnostic images and samples for future research. Responses were analysed to examine associations between maternal sociodemographic factors and willingness to consent for each research component.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety-two percent of participants expressed willingness for brain health testing, including ~82% and ~88% interest in EEG and MRI, respectively, even for untreatable conditions. Self-reported histories of foetal defects (5.3%) and birth defects (7.3%) were notably low. Biospecimen acceptance was highest (&gt;95%) for routine samples (blood, stool, urine) but significantly low for sensitive specimens (breast milk, placenta, amniotic fluid: 51\u201355%) including (vaginal fluid, saliva, tears: 16\u201347%). Higher levels of maternal education consistently predicted consent across modalities, while being married increased willingness for stool, urine, placenta, amniotic fluid, MRI, and EEG. Low income reduced uptake for placenta, amniotic fluid, MRI, and EEG. Only 48% consented to 10-year storage of diagnostic images and samples for future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates high maternal willingness for neurodevelopmental research involving brain health testing and routine biospecimens in a low-resource setting. The findings highlight the feasibility of such protocols in a low-resource setting while exposing persistent inequities that risk underrepresenting disadvantaged mothers in maternal-child brain research. Contextually tailored consent models and capacity-building initiatives will be essential to ensure equitable, sustainable engagement across diverse LMIC populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:38:48Z","timestamp":1790271528000},"page":"e0344408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal willingness to participate in research involving neuroimaging, biological sample collection, and data storage: Towards a Multicentre Neurodevelopmental Research in a low-resource setting"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9167-0269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Albert Dayor","family":"Piersson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"York St John University, School of Science, Technology & Health","place":["York, North Yorkshire, England"],"department":["Department of Diagnostic Radiography"]},{"name":"Centre for Education, Population Health Research & Innovation","place":["Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiana","family":"Amartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonotech Medical and Diagnostic Centre, Adjacent NIB Bank, Tema Community","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Teiko","family":"Quartei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Education, Population Health Research & Innovation","place":["Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6322-5341","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Klenam","family":"Dzefi-Tettey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Medicine","place":["Ho, Volta Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Promise Emmanuel","family":"Sefogah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana Medical School","place":["Accra, Greater Accra Region, Ghana"],"department":["Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aquel Rene","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tetteh Quarshie Memorial Hospital","place":["Akuapem-Mampong, Eastern Region, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0344408.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105190","article-title":"Maternal influences on fetal brain development: The role of nutrition, infection and stress, and the potential for intergenerational consequences","volume":"150","author":"E Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344408.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02449-0","article-title":"Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Y Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.10.027","article-title":"The mother\u2013child interface: A neurobiological metamorphosis","volume":"561","author":"E Cainelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0344408.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.11.023","article-title":"Prenatal Stress and the Developing Brain: Postnatal Environments Promoting Resilience","volume":"93","author":"S Nolvi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344408.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040453","article-title":"Impact of Maternal Environment and Inflammation on Fetal Neurodevelopment","volume":"13","author":"C Lubrano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113646","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Correlates of Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities in Extremely Low-birth-weight Infants","volume":"262","author":"S Martini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344408.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50204-4","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of EEG aperiodic and periodic components in children 2-44 months of age","volume":"15","author":"CL Wilkinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738231177386","article-title":"Electroencephalographic (EEG) Biomarkers in Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"38","author":"K Goodspeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364078","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1364078","article-title":"Editorial: Eye movement tracking in ocular, neurological, and mental diseases","volume":"18","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107126","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses of maternal and cord blood manganese levels and neurodevelopment in children up to 3 years of age: The Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study (JECS).","volume":"161","author":"M Yamamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0344408.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2617","article-title":"Maternal prenatal selenium levels and child risk of neurodevelopmental disorders: A prospective birth cohort study","volume":"14","author":"ASE Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104491","article-title":"Revealing the importance of prenatal gut microbiome in offspring neurodevelopment in humans","volume":"90","author":"Z Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2021.05.003","article-title":"Diet-induced dysbiosis of the maternal gut microbiome in early life programming of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"168","author":"CM Di Ges\u00f9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115413","article-title":"The association between maternal urinary Bisphenol A levels and neurodevelopment at age 2 years in Chinese boys and girls: A prospective cohort study","volume":"264","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344408.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57253-3","article-title":"Associations of prenatal metal exposure with child neurodevelopment and mediation by perturbation of metabolic pathways","volume":"16","author":"Y Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0344408.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2017.0122","article-title":"The Science of Breastfeeding and Brain Development","volume":"12","author":"M Brown Belfort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344408.ref017","article-title":"Heavy metals and neurodevelopment of children in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"YY Heng","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0344408.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0454-9","article-title":"Foetal oestrogens and autism","volume":"25","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref019","article-title":"Review: The placenta is a programming agent for cardiovascular disease","author":"KL Thornburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114001","article-title":"Amniotic fluid as a novel delivery route of 3-hydroxybutyrate during fetal brain development","volume":"311","author":"T Shibata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344408.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.01.008","article-title":"Starvation, Stress Resistance, and Cancer","volume":"29","author":"R Buono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344408.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70026","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiome: Environmental, Biological, and Racial Influences on Gynecological Health Across the Lifespan","volume":"92","author":"E Dub\u00e9-Zinatelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344408.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.022","article-title":"Effects of vaginal microbiota transfer on the neurodevelopment and microbiome of cesarean-born infants: A blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"L Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.769948","article-title":"The Brain-Nose Interface: A Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Clearance Site in Humans","volume":"12","author":"NH Mehta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"491","key":"pone.0344408.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau7356","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial shows that intranasal vasopressin improves social deficits in children with autism","volume":"11","author":"KJ Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141376","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1141376","article-title":"Editorial: Saliva used as biological fluid to detect neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases","volume":"17","author":"G Tartaglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0344408.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10873","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910873","article-title":"Potential of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Research: A Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"K Jan\u0161\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baga.2015.05.001","article-title":"Biomarker sources for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Time to shed tears?","volume":"5","author":"M B\u00f6rger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basal Ganglia"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344408.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12104-3","article-title":"Reduced tear fluid production in neurological diseases: a cohort study in 708 patients","volume":"271","author":"E Luib","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344408.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2022.100105","article-title":"The power of tears: Observers\u2019 brain responses show that tears provide unambiguous signals independent of scene context","volume":"2","author":"A Tursic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Rep"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2016.1247012","article-title":"As tears go by: Baby tears trigger more brain activity than adult tears in nulliparous women","author":"MME Riem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958840","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.958840","article-title":"Building Perinatal Pathology Research Capacity in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"9","author":"LM Bebell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344408.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-025-00740-6","article-title":"Explaining the experiences of donors, recipients, and healthcare providers regarding milk donation: a systematic review and meta-synthesis","volume":"20","author":"Z Mahdikhani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344408.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.07.003","article-title":"Polymeric nanocarriers for nose-to-brain drug delivery in neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"13","author":"R Awad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344408.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20769-2","article-title":"Willingness of population health survey participants to provide personal health information and biological samples","volume":"24","author":"H Jaswal","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446809","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2024.1446809","article-title":"Knowledge and perceptions of blood donors of the Western Cape Blood Services, South Africa, toward vaginal sample donation for biobanking","volume":"6","author":"S Claassen-Weitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998302","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.998302","article-title":"People\u2019s interest in brain health testing: Findings from an international, online cross-sectional survey","volume":"10","author":"RB Carver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref038","unstructured":"Piersson AD, Amartey C, Quartei ST, Mumuni HN, Dzefi-Tettey K, Jones L. Maternal willingness and ethical considerations for child participation in neurodevelopmental research in a low-resource setting. Oral Presentation. Neonatal Society Autumn Meeting; 2024 Nov 14; Royal Society of Medicine, London, UK."},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref039","article-title":"Maternal-child interest in neuroimaging research and collection of human biological materials in an urban low-resource setting","volume":"37","author":"AD Piersson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn Reson Mater Phy"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref040","unstructured":"Piersson AD. Maternal-child ethical concerns in neurodevelopmental research involving neuroimaging and collection of biological samples: a tale of two urban cities in a low-resource setting. Oral Presentation. Proceedings of York St John University Conference \u201cThe Only Way Is Ethics! Reflecting on and learning from research after ethical approval\u201d; 2024 Mar 22; York St John University, York, UK."},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref041","article-title":"Maternal-child interest in neurodevelopmental research involving neuroimaging and collection of biological samples in a low-resource setting","author":"AD Piersson","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Congress of Radiology"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12731","article-title":"At, with and beyond risk: expectations of living with the possibility of future dementia","volume":"40","author":"R Milne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344408.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnz155","article-title":"Are People Ready for Personalized Brain Health? Perspectives of Research Participants in the Lifebrain Consortium","volume":"60","author":"BB Friedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref044","volume-title":"What Motivates People to Look After Their Brain Health? Insights From the Global Brain Health Survey","author":"RB Carver","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344408.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0123-0","article-title":"Incidental findings in population imaging revisited","volume":"31","author":"EM Bunnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344408.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180120000304","article-title":"The Impact of Incidental Findings Detected During Brain Imaging on Research Participants of the Rotterdam Study: An Interview Study","volume":"29","author":"CHC Bomhof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Camb Q Healthc Ethics"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0344408.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002090","article-title":"Availability, accessibility, and affordability of neurodiagnostic tests in 37 countries","volume":"85","author":"HC McLane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344408.ref048","article-title":"Assessment of availability, accessibility, and affordability of magnetic resonance imaging services in Ghana","volume":"23","author":"AD Piersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiography (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344408.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-025-07640-x","article-title":"Spectrum of congenital anomalies detected through anatomy ultrasound at a referral hospital in Ghana","volume":"25","author":"A Swarray-Deen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref050","article-title":"Public awareness of neurodevelopmental disorders and affordability of neuroimaging tools for clinical assessment of early childhood brain assessment in a low-resource setting","volume":"37","author":"AD Piersson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn Reson Mater Phy"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0344408.ref051","article-title":"Pregnancy cohorts and biobanking in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"JN Bone","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344408.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23455","article-title":"Success rates for consent and collection of prenatal biological specimens in an epidemiologic survey of child health","volume":"106","author":"OA Abdul-Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0344408.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11202714","article-title":"Awareness, Attitudes and Willingness to Donate Biological Samples to a Biobank: A Survey of a Representative Sample of Polish Citizens","volume":"11","author":"\u0141 Pronicki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0344408.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086700","article-title":"Factors influencing blood donation among university students in Vojvodina, Serbia: cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"N Kocic","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344408.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249405","article-title":"Patient attitudes towards faecal sampling for gut microbiome studies and clinical care reveal positive engagement and room for improvement","volume":"16","author":"LA Bolte","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344408.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13307-5","article-title":"Public acceptability of a technology-mediated stool sample collection platform to inform community-based surveillance of infectious intestinal disease: a pilot study","volume":"22","author":"R Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344408.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-024-00615-2","article-title":"Acceptability to donate human milk among postnatal mothers at St. Francis hospital Nsambya, Uganda: a mixed method study","volume":"19","author":"MAM Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344408.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.21608","article-title":"Associations of Maternal Milk Feeding With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 7 Years of Age in Former Preterm Infants","volume":"5","author":"MB Belfort","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344408.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-024-00612-5","article-title":"Effect of breast milk intake volume on early behavioral neurodevelopment of extremely preterm infants","volume":"19","author":"Y Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344408.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13651","article-title":"The acceptability of a donor human milk bank and donated human milk among mothers in Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"20","author":"T Mampane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344408.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-015-0034-9","article-title":"Markets, breastfeeding and trade in mothers\u2019 milk","volume":"10","author":"JP Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Breastfeeding Journal"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.031","article-title":"Use of amniotic fluid for determining pregnancies at risk of preterm birth and for studying diseases of potential environmental etiology","volume":"136","author":"LA Geer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344408.ref063","article-title":"Study on amniotic fluid metabolism in the second trimester of Trisomy 21","volume":"34","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344408.ref064","article-title":"Perceptions on the collection of body fluids for research on persistence of Ebola virus: A qualitative study","volume":"14","author":"R Kutalek","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824933","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.824933","article-title":"Saliva RNA Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Children With Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Potential Implications for Precision Medicine","volume":"12","author":"DQ Beversdorf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0344408.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0930-0","article-title":"Tear analysis as the next routine body fluid test","volume":"34","author":"A Barmada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344408.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27847","article-title":"The retention duration of digital images in picture archiving and communication systems","volume":"10","author":"F Behnam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8935-5_3","article-title":"An Introduction to Hardware, Software, and Other Information Technology Needs of Biomedical Biobanks","volume":"1897","author":"K Im","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344408.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000810","article-title":"The Effects of Long-term Storage on Commonly Measured Serum Analyte Levels","volume":"29","author":"C Kleeberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.17633.2","article-title":"Health care users\u2019 acceptance of broad consent for storage of biological materials and associated data for research purposes in Uganda","volume":"7","author":"H Nansumba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0344408.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-01031-w","article-title":"Public Perceptions, Factors, and Incentives Influencing Patient Willingness to Share Clinical Images for Artificial Intelligence-Based Healthcare Tools","volume":"13","author":"S Ly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0344408.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/37665","article-title":"Patients\u2019 Willingness to Provide Their Clinical Data for Research Purposes and Acceptance of Different Consent Models: Findings From a Representative Survey of Patients With Cancer","volume":"24","author":"A K\u00f6ngeter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344408.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-013-9660-6","article-title":"Region 1 Bio-specimen Management of Cancer Health Disparities Program. Knowledge and willingness to provide research biospecimens among foreign-born Latinos using safety-net clinics","volume":"38","author":"CA Loffredo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"pone.0344408.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6939-15-4","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s my blood\u201d: ethical complexities in the use, storage and export of biological samples: perspectives from South African research participants","volume":"15","author":"K Moodley","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344408","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:39:03Z","timestamp":1790271543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344408"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marc N","family":"Potenza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University","place":["UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344408","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}