{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:29:52Z","timestamp":1780990192805,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) through mineral dissolution is a promising marine carbon dioxide removal strategy because it increases the buffering capacity of seawater and thereby enhances passive storage of atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . However, the ecological consequences of OAE for zooplankton, particularly gelatinous species, remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed the response of a key gelatinous zooplankton species to OAE in a 53-day mesocosm experiment in a temperate Norwegian fjord\n                    <jats:italic>. Oikopleura dioica<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a globally distributed zooplankton member, known for its high secondary production capacity and key role in vertical carbon flux.\n                    <jats:italic>O. dioica<\/jats:italic>\n                    continuously produces mucous feeding structures (\u2018houses\u2019), which efficiently retain submicron particles. Once discarded, these houses can sink rapidly and contribute to vertical carbon exports. To test the impacts of OAE on\n                    <jats:italic>O. dioica<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundances and their house production capacity, we exposed natural plankton communities to non-CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -equilibrated OAE scenarios spanning a \u0394TA range from 0\u2013600 \u03bcmol kg\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , using silicate-based (olivine) and calcium-based (slaked lime) minerals. Population dynamics of\n                    <jats:italic>O. dioica<\/jats:italic>\n                    were monitored alongside the plankton community, and targeted bottle incubations were used to quantify house production and feeding rates. We show that\n                    <jats:italic>O. dioica<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundances varied by an order of magnitude within and across treatments. No interaction between\n                    <jats:italic>O. dioica<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance and alkalinity levels or mineral types could be detected. Instead,\n                    <jats:italic>O. dioica<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance variations were primarily explained by prey availability (picoplankton). Additionally, house production and feeding rate experiments showed that\n                    <jats:italic>O. dioica<\/jats:italic>\n                    were unaffected by OAE across all treatments. These findings indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>O. dioica,<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a key gelatinous zooplankton member, is physiologically resilient to OAE within the tested range. Future studies should incorporate gelatinous zooplankton into OAE assessments and investigate higher alkalinity perturbations to evaluate potential ecosystem impacts and larvacean-mediated changes in carbon export during under OAE deployments above \u0394TA 600 \u03bcmol kg\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T17:24:18Z","timestamp":1774891458000},"page":"e0344503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Resilience of the gelatinous zooplankton species Oikopleura dioica to ocean alkalinity enhancement"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0575-7726","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amrita","family":"Bhaumik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvan Urs","family":"Goldenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Synne","family":"Spjelkavik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Couret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Riebesell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1010-026X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maarten","family":"Boersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Jaspers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5682","key":"pone.0344503.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097329","article-title":"Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans","volume":"305","author":"RA Feely","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5682","key":"pone.0344503.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097403","article-title":"The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2","volume":"305","author":"CL Sabine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344503.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GB003407","article-title":"Revelle revisited: Buffer factors that quantify the response of ocean chemistry to changes in DIC and alkalinity","volume":"24","author":"ES Egleston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles"},{"key":"pone.0344503.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642372","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.642372","article-title":"An overview of ocean climate change indicators: Sea surface temperature, ocean heat content, ocean pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, arctic sea ice extent, thickness and volume, sea level and strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)","volume":"8","author":"C Garcia-Soto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344503.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pclm.0000591","article-title":"A critical analysis of marine carbon sequestration opportunities in South Korea","volume":"4","author":"PI Macreadie","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS Clim"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344503.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074067","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad5a27","article-title":"On the emission-path dependency of the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement","volume":"19","author":"J Schwinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"pone.0344503.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023","article-title":"Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal, and the potential role of ocean alkalinity enhancement","author":"A Oschlies","year":"2023","journal-title":"State Planet"},{"key":"pone.0344503.ref008","first-page":"35","article-title":"Sections","author":"H Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report"},{"key":"pone.0344503.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schartau M, Schwinger J, R\u00f6schel L, Neumann B, Merk C, Andersen G, et al. Prospects and Challenges of Investigating Ocean-Based Negative Emission Technologies: Insights from the OceanNETs Project. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3289\/oceannets_d7.10-12","DOI":"10.3289\/oceannets_d7.10-12"},{"key":"pone.0344503.ref010","author":"CDRmare"},{"key":"pone.0344503.ref011","author":"A Oschlies","year":"2023","journal-title":"Guide to Best Practices in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0344503.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-5442(95)00035-F","article-title":"Sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide by increasing ocean alkalinity","volume":"20","author":"HS Kheshgi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344503.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/2016RG000533","article-title":"Assessing ocean alkalinity for carbon sequestration","volume":"55","author":"P Renforth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev of 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Geerts","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"issue":"47","key":"pone.0344503.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000545107","article-title":"Geoengineering potential of artificially enhanced silicate weathering of olivine","volume":"107","author":"P K\u00f6hler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0344503.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831587","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2022.831587","article-title":"Kinetics of olivine weathering in seawater: an experimental study","volume":"4","author":"M Fuhr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Clim"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344503.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/1\/014009","article-title":"Geoengineering impact of open ocean dissolution of olivine on atmospheric CO2, surface ocean pH and marine biology","volume":"8","author":"P K\u00f6hler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Res 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phytoplankton community of the subtropical Atlantic Ocean","volume":"22","author":"L Ram\u00edrez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0344503.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg6066","article-title":"Coccolithophores and diatoms resilient to ocean alkalinity enhancement: a glimpse of hope?","volume":"9","author":"JA Gately","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0344503.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5375","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-19-5375-2022","article-title":"Assessing the influence of ocean alkalinity enhancement on a coastal phytoplankton community","volume":"19","author":"A Ferderer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0344503.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-19-3683-2022","article-title":"Investigating the effect of nickel concentration on phytoplankton growth to assess potential side-effects 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