{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:06:39Z","timestamp":1780596399301,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research on the Remote Microscopic Surgery Assistance System Integrated with Micrometer-Level Robotic Arms","award":["2024YFC2418103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2418103"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Orthopedics and Sports Rehabilitation Clinical Medicine Research Cente","award":["202102AA310068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AA310068"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Clinical Orthopedic Trauma Medical Cente"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Young and Middle-Aged Academic and Technical Leaders Backup Talent Program","award":["202405AC350079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202405AC350079"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Science and Technology Program","award":["202101AY070001-295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AY070001-295"]}]},{"name":"920 Hospital Science and Technology Program","award":["2019YGB06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YGB06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repairing large segmental bone defects remains a major challenge in orthopedics, with conventional autografting and allografting limited by donor shortages and high complication rates. Tissue-engineered bone substitutes have emerged as a potential solution. This study aimed to assess the vascular regeneration of dual-vascularized tissue-engineered bone substitutes in the reconstruction of large segmental bone defects in rabbits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) was used as a scaffold, with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) seeded onto it. A vascular channel was created within the DBM-EPCs composite scaffold, and the radial artery was implanted into this channel. New Zealand white rabbits were used to create a 15-mm critical-sized rabbit radial bone defect model, with animals divided into four groups: DBM, DBM+EPCs, DBM+Vascular Bundle,and DBM+EPCs+Vascular Bundle (n\u2009=\u20099 per group).X-ray examinations,gross morphological observations,and CD31 immunofluorescence staining were conducted at 4, 8,and 12 weeks post-surgery. Micro-CT was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional structures of the defects after 12 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The DBM+EPCs+Vascular Bundle group demonstrated the most significant bone regeneration and vascularization across all time points.X-ray,gross morphology, Micro-CT analysis,HE staining,and CD31 immunofluorescence staining all revealed superior bone regeneration and vascular density in this group compared to the others.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, the dual vascularization strategy significantly enhanced bone regeneration and angiogenesis in the reconstruction of large bone defects. This approach has potential clinical applications for repairing critical-sized bone defects, particularly in anatomical regions with multiple arterial supplies such as the upper limbs and lower legs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:21:57Z","timestamp":1780593717000},"page":"e0344505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reconstruction of a segmental bone defect using vascularized tissue-engineered bone substitutes: An animal 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