{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T15:52:01Z","timestamp":1793721121243,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scapular dyskinesis is a common dysfunction among athletes, particularly in overhead sports, leading to pain, reduced range of motion (ROM), and impaired performance. Movement-based exercises are increasingly used to address these issues, but their overall impact on sports performance remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of movement-based exercises on sports performance in athletes with scapular dyskinesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive search was conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed up to July 30, 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Data were extracted and assessed for risk of bias using RoB-2 and ROBINS-I tools. A narrative synthesis was performed due to study heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen studies (8 RCTs and 6 non-RCTs) involving 412 participants with a mean age of 23.8 years assessed movement-based interventions lasting from a single session to 24 weeks, primarily focusing on scapular stabilization, kinetic chain control, and proprioception over 6\u20138 weeks with around three sessions per week. Moderate-certainty evidence suggests that exercise likely improves shoulder function, disability, and glenohumeral range of motion over 6\u201312 weeks. However, the evidence for pain reduction and improvement in rotator cuff\/scapular strength is of low certainty, showing mixed effects depending on the specific program. Evidence for improvement in scapular kinematics is also of low certainty. Sport-specific performance outcomes, such as throwing velocity, remain highly uncertain due to small sample sizes and conflicting results from RCTs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Movement-based exercises may be considered by athletes with scapular dyskinesis to potentially improve shoulder function and glenohumeral range of motion; however, the certainty of evidence for effects on pain relief, strength, and sports performance is very low. Therefore, strong recommendations cannot be made at this stage. More tailored programs and well-structured RCTs are needed to clarify these effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:38:24Z","timestamp":1775842704000},"page":"e0344540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of scapular-focused movement-based exercises on sports performance of athletes with scapular dyskinesis: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"M\u00f2nica","family":"Solana\u2013Tramunt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Fakoor Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narges","family":"Norouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaser","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Khazanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Sadegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9970-5611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alimoradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Daneshmandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2180-947X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alghosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0344540.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of an 8-week corrective dance exercises intervention on thoracic hyperkyphosis, scapular position, respiratory function, and happiness in girls aged 10\u201312 years","volume":"1","author":"D Kouchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344540.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200303000-00008","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder pain","volume":"11","author":"BW Kibler","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAAOS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344540.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967115627608","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115627608","article-title":"Prevalence of scapular dyskinesis in overhead and nonoverhead athletes: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"MB Burn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0344540.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081481","article-title":"Association of scapular dyskinesis with neck and shoulder function and training period in Brazilian Ju-Jitsu athletes","volume":"59","author":"JH Jeong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344540.ref005","first-page":"558","article-title":"Is it time to normalize scapular dyskinesis? The incidence of scapular dyskinesis in those with and without symptoms: a systematic review of the literature","author":"PA Salamh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344540.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-021-09705-8","article-title":"Scapulothoracic dyskinesis: a concept review","volume":"14","author":"TR Jildeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01254-8","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis-based exercise therapy versus multimodal physical therapy for subacromial impingement syndrome in young overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"M Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344540.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1053\/j.otsm.2016.04.003","article-title":"The shoulder at risk: scapular dyskinesis and altered glenohumeral rotation","volume":"24","author":"WB Kibler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oper Tech Sports Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0344540.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092425","article-title":"Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in shoulder injury: the 2013 consensus statement from the \u201cScapular Summit\u201d","volume":"47","author":"WB Kibler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344540.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.2808","article-title":"The association of scapular kinematics and glenohumeral joint pathologies","volume":"39","author":"PM Ludewig","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344540.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.2929","article-title":"Shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete","volume":"39","author":"KE Wilk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref012","article-title":"Effect of rotator cuff pathology on shoulder rhythm","volume":"14","author":"AG Mell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344540.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-020-09672-6","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis and the kinetic chain: recognizing dysfunction and treating injury in the tennis athlete","volume":"13","author":"SS Saini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344540.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097559","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis increases the risk of future shoulder pain by 43% in asymptomatic athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"D Hickey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.05.037","article-title":"Exercise therapy may affect scapular position and motion in individuals with scapular dyskinesis: a systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"29","author":"A Nodehi Moghadam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0344540.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2022.2114552","article-title":"Scapular movement training is not superior to standardized exercises in the treatment of individuals with chronic shoulder pain and scapular dyskinesis: randomized controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"DH Kamonseki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344540.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-019-09591-1","article-title":"Evaluation and management of scapular dyskinesis in overhead athletes","volume":"12","author":"WB Kibler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344540.ref018","first-page":"30","article-title":"The effect of suspension training on some factors related to the shoulder injuries in athletes with scapular dyskinesis","volume":"17","author":"M Khakpourfard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stud Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref019","first-page":"53","article-title":"The effect of a functional training program on improving scapular-brachial rhythm and performance of elite tennis players with scapular dyskinesia","volume":"12","author":"P Gholamian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sadra Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344540.ref020","first-page":"132","article-title":"Impact of scapular stabilization exercises on pain, shoulder position, and volleyball performance in players with scapular dyskinesia","volume":"11","author":"R Karimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JRSR"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344540.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10020119","article-title":"Neurosciences and sports rehabilitation in ACLR: a narrative review on winning alliance strategies and connecting the dots","volume":"10","author":"RS Calabr\u00f2","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.21037\/aoj-23-3","article-title":"A clinical practice review of therapeutic movement-based anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction return to sports bridge program: the biological, biomechanical and behavioral rationale","volume":"8","author":"J Nyland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Jt"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344540.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-010-0082-7","article-title":"Supraspinatus and infraspinatus weakness in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis: strength assessment before and after restoration of scapular musculature balance","volume":"94","author":"G Merolla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344540.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-010-0095-x","article-title":"Infraspinatus scapular retraction test: a reliable and practical method to assess infraspinatus strength in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis","volume":"11","author":"G Merolla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0344540.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.01.022","article-title":"Infraspinatus strength assessment before and after scapular muscles rehabilitation in professional volleyball players with scapular dyskinesis","volume":"19","author":"G Merolla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344540.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.17921\/2447-8938.2019v21n4p409-13","article-title":"Effects of strength training on scapular dyskinesia: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"SM Geronimo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344540.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57040332","article-title":"Effects of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique on scapula function in office workers with scapula dyskinesis","volume":"57","author":"M Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2025.04.041","article-title":"Effect of motor control retraining program on symptoms, strength, and function in individuals with shoulder impingement syndrome and scapular dyskinesis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"M Moradi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0344540.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092148","article-title":"Rehabilitation of scapular dyskinesis: from the office worker to the elite overhead athlete","volume":"48","author":"AMJ Cools","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344540.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.32598\/irj.21.4.1933.1","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis: the effect of scapular-focused exercise therapy on shoulder pain and function and scapular positioning in people with scapular dyskinesia","volume":"21","author":"M Khodaverdizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran Rehabili J"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"88","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-014-0579-0","article-title":"PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: a comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews","volume":"14","author":"AM Methley","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","article-title":"Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): an R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments","volume":"12","author":"LA McGuinness","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref035","article-title":"Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline","volume":"368","author":"M Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0344540.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11131887","article-title":"Retaining healthcare workers: a systematic review of strategies for sustaining power in the workplace","volume":"11","author":"N De Vries","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03464-4","article-title":"The effect of fatigue on postural control in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"P Sedaghati","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344540.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026256","article-title":"Weighted kappa: nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit","volume":"70","author":"J Cohen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"7650","key":"pone.0344540.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604.ch14","article-title":"Completing \u2018summary of findings\u2019 tables and grading the certainty of the evidence.","author":"HJ Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344540.ref041","first-page":"132","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis in asymptomatic water polo players: does prehabilitation prevent negative outcomes?","volume":"5","author":"KN Sant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Physiother"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0344540.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0608-4584","article-title":"Evaluation of a new exercise program in the treatment of scapular dyskinesis","volume":"39","author":"J Nowotny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344540.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2021-0103","article-title":"Mirror cross-exercise on a kinetic chain approach improves throwing performance in professional volleyball athletes with scapular dyskinesis","volume":"31","author":"E Paraskevopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344540.ref044","first-page":"552","article-title":"Rehabilitation of subacromial pain syndrome emphasizing scapular dyskinesis in amateur athletes: a case series","volume":"11","author":"KF Moura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-172176","article-title":"The effects of posterior shoulder stretch on rotator cuff strength ratio in adolescent baseball players with scapular dyskinesis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Y Ilyoung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Isokinet Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344540.ref046","first-page":"875","article-title":"Effects of scapular kinetic-chain exercise on muscle activity in overhead-pitching baseball players","volume":"49","author":"K-J Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref047","first-page":"54","article-title":"Effect of selected corrective exercises on glenohumeral rotation range of motion in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis","volume":"16","author":"H Naderifar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud Sport"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0344540.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2025.2513163","article-title":"The training and detraining effects of 8-week dynamic stretching of hip flexors on hip range of motion, pain, and physical performance in male professional football players with low back pain. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"M Iranmanesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref049","article-title":"Exercise-induced pain and analgesia? Underlying mechanisms and clinical translation","author":"KA Sluka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-023-00686-4","article-title":"Comparison of postural sway in individuals with and without dynamic knee valgus","volume":"15","author":"K Karimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.52547\/shefa.9.1.36","article-title":"The effect of secondary cognitive task on time of the stance phase of people with down syndrome","volume":"9","author":"F Ghadiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci J Shefaye Khatam"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00035","article-title":"Potential mechanisms underlying centralized pain and emerging therapeutic interventions","volume":"12","author":"OC Eller-Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344540.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418809074","article-title":"Low back pain: the potential contribution of supraspinal motor control and proprioception","volume":"25","author":"ML Meier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344540.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15070285","article-title":"Shoulder and scapular function before and after a scapular therapeutic exercise program for chronic shoulder pain and scapular dyskinesis: a pre\u2013post single-group study","volume":"15","author":"AS Melo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref055","author":"CA Paige","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344540.ref056","first-page":"255","article-title":"Neurocognitive therapeutic exercise improves pain and function in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: a single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"50","author":"E Marzetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344540.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2023.0108","article-title":"Effect of exergame on pain, function, and quality of life in shoulder impingement syndrome: a prospective randomized controlled study","volume":"13","author":"A \u00d6zl\u00fc","year":"2024","journal-title":"Games Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838010-00003","article-title":"Mobility and stability adaptations in the shoulder of the overhead athlete: a theoretical and evidence-based perspective","volume":"38","author":"PA Borsa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0344540.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100698","article-title":"Preseason shoulder range of motion screening and in-season risk of shoulder and elbow injuries in overhead athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"F Pozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344540.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.46827\/ejpe.v9i6.4780","article-title":"Comparative study on the effectiveness of muscle energy technique and active release technique on the glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) in young throwing athletes","volume":"9","author":"D Behera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Educ Sport Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.11.010","article-title":"Risk factors for volleyball-related shoulder pain and dysfunction","volume":"2","author":"JC Reeser","year":"2010","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344540.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.6.611","article-title":"Glenohumeral rotational range of motion in collegiate overhead-throwing athletes during an athletic season","volume":"44","author":"PM Dwelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344540.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.22.227","article-title":"The effects of shoulder stabilization exercise and shoulder isometric resistance exercise on shoulder stability and hand function","volume":"22","author":"J Shim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0344540.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.25.1359","article-title":"Effects of shoulder stabilization exercise on pain and functional recovery of shoulder impingement syndrome patients","volume":"25","author":"S-I Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0476-x","article-title":"Rotator cuff biology and biomechanics: a review of normal and pathological conditions","volume":"17","author":"J Huegel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0344540.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.949357","article-title":"Stabilizing characteristics of rotator cuff muscles: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"S Sangwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31815f5634","article-title":"Effects of a shoulder injury prevention strength training program on eccentric external rotator muscle strength and glenohumeral joint imbalance in female overhead activity athletes","volume":"22","author":"Y Niederbracht","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344540.ref068","first-page":"343","article-title":"Comprehensive strength training program for a recreational senior golfer 11-months after a rotator cuff repair","volume":"6","author":"J Brumitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2019-0093","article-title":"The effectiveness of a dry-land shoulder rotators strength training program in injury prevention in competitive swimmers","volume":"71","author":"N Batalha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Kinet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344540.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231155192","article-title":"Effect of scapular stabilizer muscles strength on scapular position","volume":"15","author":"M Micoogullari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344540.ref071","first-page":"58","article-title":"The effects of 4-week serratus anterior strengthening exercise program on the scapular position and pain of the neck and interscapular region","volume":"14","author":"D- h Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"\ud55c\uad6d\uc804\ubb38\ubb3c\ub9ac\uce58\ub8cc\ud559\ud68c\uc9c0"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344540.ref072","first-page":"75","article-title":"Does scapular positioning predict shoulder pain in recreational overhead athletes?","volume":"35","author":"F Struyf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0344540.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9463","DOI":"10.3390\/app13169463","article-title":"A systematic review of the biomechanical studies on shoulder kinematics in overhead sporting motions: types of analysis and approaches","volume":"13","author":"Y Ramasamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"pone.0344540.ref074","first-page":"149","article-title":"Function and movement of the shoulder and scapula.","author":"CL Roller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kinesiology for the occupational therapy assistant. Routledge"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344540.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11060114","article-title":"Scapular resting posture and scapulohumeral rhythm adaptations in volleyball players: implications for clinical shoulder assessment in athletes","volume":"11","author":"AG Pascoal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344540","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:38:39Z","timestamp":1775842719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344540"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Holakoo","family":"Mohsenifar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344540","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]}}}