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The intraindividual difference between the estimated glomerular filtration rate based on cystatin C and creatinine (eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) may serve as an indicator of the overall health status of an individual. However, the relationships between the eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      and dementia risk, dementia subtypes, dementia-related neuroimaging changes, and cognitive functions remain unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study analysed data from over 450,000 participants in the UK Biobank who were followed for up to 15 years. The estimated glomerular filtration rate based on cystatin C (eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>cys<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and creatinine (eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>cr<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was calculated using the CKD-EPI equation, and eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      was defined as the difference between these values (eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u2009eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>cys<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009\u2212\u2009eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>cr<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Multivariate Cox regression models were used to evaluate the associations between the eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      and all-cause dementia (ACD), AD, and VaD, whereas cross-sectional analysis were used to examine the relationship among the eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      , dementia-related neuroimaging changes, and cognitive functions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over a median follow-up of 13.5 years, 8,710 participants developed dementia, including 3,910 with AD and 1,893 with VaD. Each one standard deviation increase in eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      was associated with a reduced risk of dementia, with hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 0.92 (0.90\u20130.94) for ACD, 0.94 (0.91\u20130.98) for AD, and 0.90 (0.85\u20130.94) for VaD. A negative eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      was associated with adverse neuroimaging changes, including lower total brain and gray matter volumes and higher white matter hyperintensities. Additionally, a negative eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      was associated with poorer performance across multiple cognitive domains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A negative eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      was associated with an increased risk of dementia, adverse neuroimaging outcomes, and cognitive decline. These findings suggest that the eGFR\n                      <jats:sub>diff<\/jats:sub>\n                      might be considered a potential associative indicator for dementia and cognitive impairment, suggesting potential clinical value in risk assessment and early intervention strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:42:21Z","timestamp":1772822541000},"page":"e0344566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of intraindividual differences in estimated glomerular filtration rates based on cystatin C and creatinine with dementia: A cohort study of the UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4123-9643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruilang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaorui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongfu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344566.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12764","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends of dementia incidence and risk factors, 1990-2019: A Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"19","author":"A Avan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"pone.0344566.ref002","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. 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