{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:06:01Z","timestamp":1792033561620,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gastric ulcers are a major health concern that can cause severe complications such as bleeding (perforation), digestive blockage, or even stomach cancer if not treated properly. In this study, we evaluated the phytoconstituents, acute toxicity, and gastroprotective potential of the unexplored\n                    <jats:italic>Pyrus syriaca<\/jats:italic>\n                    Boiss. in ethanol-mediated gastric ulcer in rats. Experimental rats were housed in different cages and fasted before receiving pretreatments (250 and 500\u2009mg\/kg) and absolute ethanol (5\u2009mL\/kg, i.g.) administration. Phytochemical investigations unveiled increased phenolic (142.55 GAE\/100\u2009g), flavonoid (73.65 QE\/100\u2009g), and anthocyanins (44.05 CGE\/100\u2009g) in methanolic extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>Pyrus syriaca<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MEPS). The toxicity evaluation of MEPS (2 and 5\u2009g\/kg) did not show any behavioral or physiological changes in rats, even after 14 days of trial. The\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    gastroprotective evaluation of MEPS (250 and 500\u2009mg\/kg) showed a dose-related protection against ethanol-mediated ulceration comparable to lansoprazole. MEPS pretreatment (250 and 500\u2009mg\/kg) improved gastric defense barriers (mucus content and pH maintenance) as well as ameliorated gastric tissue alterations, lowering ulcer index areas by 22.13% and 50.40%, respectively. Interestingly, MEPS exhibited significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials, denoted by up-regulated superoxide dismutase, catalase, interleukin (IL-10), while lowering MDA, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6 cytokines. The anti-apoptotic effects of MEPS were confirmed by down-regulated Bax (by 35.29%, and 47.05%, respectively) and increased Bcl-2 expressions (by 51.42% and 60%, respectively). Collectively,\n                    <jats:italic>P. syrica<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed enriched phytoconstituents that supported its gastroprotective potentials through modulation of antioxidant, inflammatory, and apoptotic cascades.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:40:36Z","timestamp":1775151636000},"page":"e0344660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Chemical constituents and anti-ulcer effects of a wild pear (Pyrus syriaca Boiss.): Phytochemical, histopathological and apoptotic approaches"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Khaled Abdul-aziz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shatha Nasih","family":"Tawfeeq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheylan Salah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goran Noori","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9689-4018","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmed Aj.","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulmohsen I.","family":"Algefare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal A.","family":"Alfwuaires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzhda","family":"Haydar Saber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa Abdul-Monam","family":"Zainel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talal Salem","family":"Al-Qaisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlam Dhafer","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3351-9688","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanan Ibrahim","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Alqaisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Fawzi","family":"Mahomoodally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10447","key":"pone.0344660.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00155-7","article-title":"Peptic ulcer disease","volume":"404","author":"MA Almadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344660.ref002","first-page":"260","article-title":"Peptic ulcer","volume":"161","author":"I Laucirica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344660.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15147","article-title":"Alcohol use disorder and the gut","volume":"116","author":"PS Haber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344660.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.70029","article-title":"Prophylactic effects of rhamnetin flavonoid on indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration by modulating HSP 70\/Bax, SOD\/MDA and TNF-\u03b1\/IL-10","volume":"52","author":"MT Mohammed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344660.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00016.2019","article-title":"The Physiology of the Gastric Parietal Cell","volume":"100","author":"AC Engevik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0344660.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670769","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2025.1670769","article-title":"Excessive alcohol consumption: a driver of metabolic dysfunction and inflammation","volume":"7","author":"J Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344660.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-025-10634-w","article-title":"Pterostilbene (grape flavonoid) mitigates gastric ulcer events in vivo: biochemical and histopathological approaches","volume":"56","author":"KA-A Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Mol Histol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344660.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061578","article-title":"Natural products for drug discovery in the 21st century: innovations for novel drug discovery","volume":"19","author":"NE Thomford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344660.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.126604","article-title":"An overview of history, pathogenesis and treatment of perforated peptic ulcer disease with evaluation of prognostic scoring in adults","volume":"4","author":"V Prabhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"pone.0344660.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109424","article-title":"Morphological and pomological characterizations of Pyrus syriaca Boiss. germplasm","volume":"271","author":"A Khadivi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientia Horticulturae"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0344660.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X1601101236","article-title":"Phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants used on Safeen Mountain in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq","volume":"11","author":"FO Abdullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natural Product Communications"},{"key":"pone.0344660.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatib C, Nattouf A. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal herbs in the western region in Syria (Latakia and Tartus). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-355008\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-355008\/v1"},{"key":"pone.0344660.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.05.195","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal studies on the plant resources of east Anatolia, Turkey","volume":"19","author":"E Altundag","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344660.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1352","article-title":"Fatty acid profile and in vitro biological properties of two Rosacea species (Pyrus glabra and Pyrus syriaca), grown as wild in Iran","volume":"8","author":"S Hazrati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344660.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.21608\/arjb.2004.434440","article-title":"Morphological, anatomical and biochemical characterization of Syrian pear (Pyrus syriaca Boiss) genotypes","volume":"7","author":"OM Elshihy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arab J Biotech"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344660.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-024-03850-3","article-title":"Assessment of phenolic, flavonoid, total antioxidant, and anthocyanin contents of various colored hawthorn fruits for their potential as functional foods","volume":"79","author":"G \u00c7iftci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Pap"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0344660.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28985","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-03881-y","article-title":"Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction using response surface methodology for total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyces and comparison with conventional Soxhlet extraction","volume":"14","author":"T Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Conv Bioref"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0344660.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412","article-title":"Improving bioscience research reporting: the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research","volume":"8","author":"C Kilkenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"pone.0344660.ref019","article-title":"The gastroprotective effects of Salvia indica L. and selenium in vivo study","author":"TS Al-Qaisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biological Trace Element Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344660.ref020","article-title":"Grosvenorine (Monk Fruit flavonoid) attenuates indomethacin-mediated Gastropathy in Vivo: Role of P53\/Bcl-2, Antioxidant, and inflammatory mediators","volume":"20","author":"KA-A Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharm Innov"},{"key":"pone.0344660.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155866","article-title":"Pretreatment with Dan-Shen-Yin granules alleviates ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis via Akt\/Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"132","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0344660.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7908","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27227908","article-title":"Achillea millefolium Essential Oil Mitigates Peptic Ulcer in Rats through Nrf2\/HO-1 Pathway","volume":"27","author":"MK Alomair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344660.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-020-00749-9","article-title":"Chemical constituents and gastro-protective potential of Pachira glabra leaves against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in experimental rat model","volume":"29","author":"MIG El-Din","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344660.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-022-00442-4","article-title":"Gastroprotective effects of Combretum paniculatum (Combretaceae) leaf extract and fractions on absolute ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats","volume":"8","author":"PI Emmanuel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Futur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"pone.0344660.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abduljabbar AA, Ismail PA. Wild Cherry (Prunus microcarpa) Ameliorates Azoxymethane-Induced Aberrant Crypt Foci in vivo: Depicted molecular mechanisms. ARO-The Scientific Journal of Koya University. 2025;13(2 SE-Articles):193\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14500\/aro.12399","DOI":"10.14500\/aro.12399"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344660.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071966","article-title":"Phytopharmacological possibilities of bird cherry Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. species and their bioactive phytochemicals","volume":"12","author":"A Telichowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344660.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10341-015-0246-6","article-title":"Fruit weight, total phenolics, acidity and sugar content of edible wild pear (Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall.) fruits","volume":"57","author":"U Yilmaz K","year":"2015","journal-title":"Erwerbs-Obstbau"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344660.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-023-02442-0","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of Pyrus glabra Boiss. and P. syriaca Boiss.: implications for conservation and utilization","volume":"37","author":"P Parvin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trees"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0344660.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011-024-01642-z","article-title":"Flavonoids, phenolics and antioxidant evaluation of different parts of three wild pyrus species from Turkey","volume":"94","author":"R Kayhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci, India, Sect B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344660.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2015.1095654","article-title":"Comparative study of bioactive components in pear genotypes from Ardahan\/Turkey","volume":"30","author":"ZT Abac\u0131","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344660.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.15586\/ijfs.v37i1.2856","article-title":"Wild cherry Prunus microcarpa: its phytochemical, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and acute toxicity approaches","volume":"37","author":"A A.j. Jabbar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital J Food Sci"},{"key":"pone.0344660.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.05.035","article-title":"The development of the globally harmonized system (GHS) of classification and labelling of hazardous chemicals","volume":"125","author":"C Winder","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344660.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03392-1","article-title":"A review of pears (Pyrus spp.), ancient functional food for modern times","volume":"21","author":"S-Y Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"pone.0344660.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prmcm.2023.100342","article-title":"Exploring the therapeutic potential and bioactive compounds in Pyrus species","volume":"10","author":"S Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344660.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030439","article-title":"Protective Effect of Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. Extract against Ethanol-Induced Gastritis in Rats","volume":"10","author":"N Boby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"pone.0344660.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.06.030","article-title":"Oxidative stress prevention and anti-apoptosis activity of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) stems in human keratinocytes","volume":"87","author":"R Dom\u00ednguez-Perles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344660.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-025-01298-8","article-title":"Wild Cherry Prunus microcarpa: Phytochemical Characterization by LCESI MS\/MS Technique and its Cytotoxicity, and Pro-apoptotic Actions","volume":"80","author":"AA AbdulJabbar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum Nutr"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0344660.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212455","article-title":"Targeting PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway by different flavonoids: a cancer chemopreventive approach","volume":"22","author":"TA Zughaibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344660.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030280","article-title":"Phenolic compounds from pyrus communis residues: mechanisms of antibacterial action and therapeutic applications","volume":"14","author":"J Ribeiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0344660.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12565","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02864B","article-title":"Gastroprotective effect and mechanisms of Chinese sumac fruits (Rhus chinensis Mill.) on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in mice","volume":"12","author":"Y Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344660.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580-020-00322-x","article-title":"A comparative study on antioxidant, anti\u2010inflammatory, antimicrobial activities and chemical composition of Pyrus ussuriensis cultivars from northeastern China","volume":"62","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hortic Environ Biotechnol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0344660.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.07.019","article-title":"Study on chemical composition, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities of extracts from Chinese pear fruit (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)","volume":"50","author":"X Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344660","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:40:42Z","timestamp":1775151642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344660"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Muhammad Zeeshan","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0344660","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]}}}