{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:15:32Z","timestamp":1783577732981,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study examines phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its genetic background in\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from poultry flocks in T\u00fcrkiye, with a particular focus on extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains. A total of 918\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates obtained from ceacal samples of chickens (n\u2009=\u2009745) and turkeys (n\u2009=\u2009173) were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the agar disk diffusion method. Overall, high resistance rates were observed to tylosin (99.6%), ampicillin (90.8%), and oxytetracycline (84.0%), while resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime\/ceftazidime) was detected in 11.4% of the isolates. Notably, AMR profiles varied significantly between poultry companies, indicating heterogeneous antimicrobial selection pressures within the production sector. ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates exhibited high levels of multidrug-resistance, particularly to sulfamethoxazole (91.4%) and chloramphenicol (90.5%). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates (n\u2009=\u200987) identified several ESBL-encoding genes, with\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-55<\/jats:sub>\n                    being the most prevalent (51.7%). Plasmid analysis demonstrated frequent associations of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n                    with IncFIB replicon, while\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CMY-2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was mainly linked to IncHI2A and IncI1-I plasmid types. In silico typing identified 44 distinct serotypes and 35 sequence types (STs), with O23:H4 and ST1011 being the most detected, highlighting the broad population structure of poultry associated\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Virulence-associated genes were widely distributed among ESBL-producing isolates and predominantly related to adhesion, iron acquisition, stress response, and secretion systems. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first comprehensive WGS-based analysis of AMR in commensal\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    from poultry in T\u00fcrkiye, revealing significant public health concerns and the need for enhanced monitoring strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T17:29:41Z","timestamp":1775669381000},"page":"e0344717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance profiles and whole-genome sequence analysis of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) production in commensal Escherichia coli from poultry in T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Seyda","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5600-413X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra G\u00fclay","family":"Celil \u00d6zaslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmut Niyazi","family":"Mo\u011fulko\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Karada\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Andre","family":"Hammerl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8619-1498","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mirjam","family":"Grobbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6442-2865","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cemil","family":"K\u00fcrekci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344717.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0009-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a One Health perspective","volume":"6","author":"SA McEwen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344717.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56825-7","article-title":"The future of antibiotic use in livestock","volume":"16","author":"A Acosta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0344717.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11131946","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a growing serious threat for global public health","volume":"11","author":"MA Salam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0344717.ref004","volume-title":"Yem katk\u0131lar\u0131 ve premikslerin \u00fcretimi, ithalat\u0131, ihracat\u0131, sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 hakk\u0131nda tebli\u011fde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmas\u0131na dair tebli\u011f","author":"Official Newspaper of the Republic of T\u00fcrkiye","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0344717.ref005","volume-title":"Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 31 European countries in 2022","author":"European Medicines Agency (EMA). European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC)","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0344717.ref006","unstructured":"Elmas E, \u015een A, Barlak B, Karaca S, Pamuk\u00e7u \u00d6, Erg\u00fcn A, Koca S. Veterinary medical products usage trends in Turkey. 5th International Poultry Meat Congress; 2019 Apr 24\u201328; Antalya, Turkey; 2019."},{"key":"pone.0344717.ref007","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2021-2022; 2024. 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