{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:15:44Z","timestamp":1790565344166,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health","award":["K43TW012839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K43TW012839"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community pharmacies (private retail drug shops or pharmacies) have successfully delivered antiretroviral therapy (ART) to people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and could support integrated tuberculosis (TB) treatment, but the implementation strategies are unclear. To inform a planned pilot randomized trial, we aim to develop person-centered strategies for integrating TB treatment into community pharmacies targeting people with TB\/HIV using a Human-Centered Design (HCD) methodology. Here, we describe the study protocol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We will employ a three-phased HCD methodology comprising inspiration, ideation, and implementation across six primary health facilities in Kampala, Uganda. Eligible participants will include people with TB\/HIV, focal persons for TB and HIV, Ministry of Health officials, and community pharmacy healthcare providers. The inspiration phase will build the themes on barriers and facilitators to integrating TB treatment into community pharmacies from a qualitative study, complemented by participant observations at selected 2\u20133 community pharmacies to understand the care pathway of people with TB\/HIV (journey mapping), including sketching the ideal pharmacy-based TB treatment pick-up. The ideation phase will use design workshops to consolidate identified themes, generate insight statements, including translating them into design opportunities, and conclude with forming low and high-fidelity prototypes. The implementation phase will comprise two rounds of prototype testing, low and high fidelity, with 12\u201316 participants per round, including people with TB\/HIV, focal persons, Ministry of Health officials, and pharmacy health workers. Feedback on usability, desirability, feasibility, and viability will guide iterative refinement, with high-scoring prototypes in system usability surveys prioritized for trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through iterative user engagement, we will adapt contextually relevant strategies that will leverage key facilitators and address barriers to TB treatment integration. Strategies demonstrating perceived usefulness, user-friendliness, high acceptability, person-centeredness, and contextual relevance will be adapted and piloted in a planned randomized trial aiming to determine feasibility, acceptability, and fidelity, including preliminary effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:24:01Z","timestamp":1773336241000},"page":"e0344913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Person-centered strategies for integrating TB treatment into community pharmacies for people with TB\/HIV in Uganda: A human-centered design methodology study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9065-0389","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Izudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adithya","family":"Cattamanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Sekaggya-Wiltshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0085-3498","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachel","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Kiwanuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Sammann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0344913.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2019.11.015","article-title":"Tuberculosis-HIV co-infection: progress and challenges after two decades of global antiretroviral treatment roll-out","volume":"56","author":"E Letang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0344913.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv108","article-title":"The WHO\u2019s new End TB strategy in the post-2015 era of the sustainable development goals","volume":"110","author":"K L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0344913.ref003","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2024","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0344913.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029400","article-title":"Treatment success rate among adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"J Izudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0344913.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001862","article-title":"Effect of TB\/HIV Integration on TB and HIV indicators in rural ugandan health facilities","volume":"79","author":"SM Burnett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0344913.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208390","article-title":"Response to anti-tuberculosis treatment by people over age 60 in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"13","author":"NS Kirirabwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344913.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08646-0","article-title":"Treatment success and mortality among adults with tuberculosis in rural eastern Uganda: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"J Izudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0344913.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.16.0115","article-title":"Tuberculosis treatment success among rural and urban Ugandans living with HIV: a retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"J Musaazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Action"},{"key":"pone.0344913.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2021.100226","article-title":"HIV infection modifies the relationship between distance to a health facility and treatment success rate for tuberculosis in rural eastern Uganda","volume":"23","author":"B Olupot","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0344913.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05099-z","article-title":"Is distance associated with tuberculosis treatment outcomes? 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