{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:29:50Z","timestamp":1790756990512,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate-smart agriculture entails the reduction of CO\u2082 emissions, adaptation and modification of technology to enhance resilience to climate change, and sustainable increase of incomes. This study evaluates the effectiveness of smart agricultural practices in Turkey, which significantly impact food security and mitigate CO\u2082 emissions. The decoupling technique was implemented to estimate the portfolio returns and examine their correlation with climate-smart agriculture and CO\u2082 emissions over the anticipated period of 1992\u20132023. The decoupling technique was implemented to accomplish the two primary objectives. First, it is employed to calculate the percentage change in portfolio returns that is linked to both high and low weighted risk allocations. Second, it enables the prediction of CO\u2082 emissions levels for the next five years, which are influenced by sustainability practices and food security fluctuations. A corresponding difference in the efficacy of climate-smart agriculture has been demonstrated in the agricultural context by a percentage change in continuous, single aeration, and multiple aeration practices. The estimated results suggest that the decoupling trend in portfolio returns is significantly influenced by factors such as rice cultivation, field rise, and soil management, which also contribute to the highest weighted risk. Additionally, this factor consistently shows the highest weighted importance in determining overall portfolio returns, as it exhibits the largest marginal effects. Consequently, this investigation substantiates the detrimental influence of these variables on CO\u2082 emissions. Turkey\u2019s sustainable smart agriculture process is essential for the efficient expansion of the economy, as it integrates climate change considerations into current policies and initiatives and reinforces the policy indicator of economic consideration with environmental protection in terms of CO\u2082 emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T17:32:46Z","timestamp":1774978366000},"page":"e0344924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring climate smart agriculture in Turkey: Enhancing food security and sustainable practices for the reduction of CO\u2082 emissions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2151-6842","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nawaz","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"60","key":"pone.0344924.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.04.300","article-title":"Optimization and analysis of a hydrogen supply chain in terms of cost, CO2 emissions, and risk: the case of Turkey","volume":"48","author":"A Erdo\u011fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"pone.0344924.ref002","article-title":"Thermodynamic, environmental, and exergoeconomic analysis of multi-ejector expansion transcritical CO2 supermarket refrigeration cycles in different climate regions of T\u00fcrkiye","author":"O Caliskan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Refrig"},{"key":"pone.0344924.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142652","article-title":"Testing the asymmetric impacts of income inequality, financial development and human development on ecological footprint in T\u00fcrkiye: A NARDL approach","volume":"461","author":"U Uzar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"pone.0344924.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2020.07.006","article-title":"Driving forces of Turkey\u2019s transportation sector CO2 emissions: An LMDI approach","volume":"97","author":"M Isik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transport Policy"},{"key":"pone.0344924.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2024.106205","article-title":"The status of Blue Economy development in Africa","volume":"165","author":"A March","year":"2024","journal-title":"Marine Policy"},{"key":"pone.0344924.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2023.100128","article-title":"How cereal yield is influenced by eco-environmental factors? 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