{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:03:07Z","timestamp":1787022187673,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n This research introduces a novel convex methodology for estimating transmission loss coefficients (\n B<\/jats:italic>\n -coefficients) in power systems using a data-driven approach based on power system measurements. To enhance estimation accuracy and practical relevance, the model is evaluated across a wide spectrum of operating conditions, incorporating random variations in active power injections and demand profiles modeled via uniform and Gaussian distributions. A semi-definite programming (SDP) model leveraging\n p<\/jats:italic>\n -norm formulations is proposed to derive the\n B<\/jats:italic>\n -coefficients efficiently. Numerical evaluations on IEEE 14-, 39-, 57-, and 118-bus test feeders demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the approach, yielding average estimation errors between\n \n \n \n \n \n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n 6<\/mml:mn>\n %<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and\n \n \n \n \n \n 5<\/mml:mn>\n %<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n across diverse scenarios. These results confirm the reliability of the proposed methodology, contributing to improved accuracy in transmission loss modeling and supporting more efficient power system operations.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T17:45:19Z","timestamp":1773855919000},"page":"e0345033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Data-driven p-norms for estimating transmission loss coefficients in power systems"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-4925","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oscar Danilo","family":"Montoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7609-1197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Walter","family":"Gil-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"Grisales-Nore\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0345033.ref001","first-page":"2002","article-title":"Distributed Continuous-Time Algorithm for Economic Dispatch Problem Over Switching Communication Topology","volume":"68","author":"J Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0345033.ref002","first-page":"4914","article-title":"Byzantine-Resilient Distributed Algorithm for Economic Dispatch: A Trust-Based Weight Allocation Mechanism","volume":"71","author":"M Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II"},{"key":"pone.0345033.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2024.111036","article-title":"Accurate measurement-based convex model to estimate transmission loss coefficients in power systems","volume":"237","author":"OD Montoya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electric Power Systems Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345033.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3390\/en19020405","article-title":"Data-Driven Estimation of Transmission Loss Coefficients via Linear and Quadratic Programming Under Linear Constraints","author":"OD Montoya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0345033.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2020.2975246","article-title":"Feature-Driven Improvement of Renewable Energy Forecasting and Trading","volume":"35","author":"MA Munoz","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0345033.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2021.3128485","article-title":"Feature-Driven Economic Improvement for Network-Constrained Unit Commitment: A Closed-Loop Predict-and-Optimize Framework","volume":"37","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0345033.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAS.1964.4766063","article-title":"Direct Calculation of Transmission Loss Formula-II","volume":"83","author":"HH Happ","year":"1964","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0345033.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2017.1496","article-title":"Estimating B\u2010coefficients of power loss formula considering volatile power injections: an enhanced least square approach","volume":"12","author":"B Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Generation Trans & Dist"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0345033.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2018.01.014","article-title":"Real coded genetic algorithm based transmission system loss estimation in dynamic economic dispatch problem","volume":"57","author":"CH Ram Jethmalani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alexandria Engineering Journal"},{"key":"pone.0345033.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fliscounakis S, Lafeuillade F, Limousin C. 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