{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T18:13:53Z","timestamp":1784744033701,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010120","name":"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Cuneo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020.0511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.0511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alcohol consumption is a contributing factor to traffic crashes and road fatalities worldwide. While the effects of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) on driving performance are well documented, less is known about the role of sulphites, used for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, on driving performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a triple-blind, randomised, within-subjects design, thirty-two participants completed three driving simulation trials under sober conditions and after consuming a conventional red wine with \u2018low\u2019 (86 mg\/l) and \u2018high\u2019 (126 mg\/l) sulphite content, while maintaining a BAC at about the Italian legal limit (0.5\u2030). The driving behaviour was assessed in rural, urban and rural-urban transition environments<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In less demanding rural environments, where participants drove in free-flow conditions (i.e., rural and transitional), only BAC affected lateral vehicle control along curves, increasing the standard deviation of lateral position relative to the sober baseline, but no significant differences emerged between the two sulphite levels. However, in the more demanding urban environment, when drivers consumed wine with higher sulphite content, they showed more cautious behaviour during sudden interactions with pedestrians at zebra crossings compared with the sober condition. Conversely, in a car following task, when they drank high-sulphite wine, they behaved more dangerously, maintaining higher speeds and shorter headways with respect to the baseline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within legal BAC limits, higher sulphite content in wine was associated with context-dependent changes in driving behaviour, promoting greater caution in complex urban scenarios but riskier behaviour in car-following tasks. The small number of significant effects supports the effectiveness of current legal limits, and the findings should be interpreted strictly within regulated conditions, while highlighting the need for further research on sulphite-related effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T17:22:48Z","timestamp":1784740968000},"page":"e0345134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding driver behaviour after consuming conventional wines with different sulphite contents: Insights from a driving simulator study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2560-1497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marco","family":"Bassani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"De Paolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Gerbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2019-7010","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simone","family":"Giacosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abrar","family":"Hazoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-4094","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Lioi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Alessandra","family":"Paissoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-4805","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alberto","family":"Portera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Renolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"R\u00edo Segade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6075-079X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luca","family":"Rolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Tefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0345134.ref001","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0345134.ref002","author":"European Transport Safety Council","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0345134.ref003","author":"Istituto Nazionale di Statistica","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0345134.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108847","article-title":"A driving simulation study on the effects of different wine types on the performance of young drivers","volume":"225","author":"M Bassani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"pone.0345134.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.12.018","article-title":"Acute disinhibiting effects of alcohol as a factor in risky driving behavior","volume":"95","author":"MT Fillmore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"pone.0345134.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.12.042","article-title":"Comparison of driving simulator performance with real driving after alcohol intake: a randomised, single blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial","volume":"53","author":"A Helland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0345134.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.06.017","article-title":"The influence of alcohol (0.5\u2030) on the control and manoeuvring level of driving behaviour, finding measures to assess driving impairment: A simulator study","volume":"73","author":"JH van Dijken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour"},{"key":"pone.0345134.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-33914-1.00025-8","article-title":"SO2 in wines: rational use and possible alternatives","author":"S Giacosa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Red Wine Technology. 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