{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:55:01Z","timestamp":1791222901158,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The mango pulp weevil,\n                    <jats:italic>Sternochetus frigidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a major monophagous and quarantine pest of mango (\n                    <jats:italic>Mangifera indica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in tropical Asia, causing severe yield and quality losses due to its concealed feeding and development within fruit tissues. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the developmental biology, morphometrics and substrate preference of\n                    <jats:italic>S. frigidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    using seven mango substrates: young flush, old flush, green fruit (whole and sliced), ripened fruit (whole and sliced) and stem. Experimental rearing recorded all post-ovipositional stages except the egg phase due to lack of suitable specimens and the weevil completed five larval instars with a larva to adult period of 36\u201347 days across substrates without significant variation. Larvae were apodous and yellowish, reaching up to 14\u201315 mm in length, while pupae were exarate, measuring approximately 8.8 mm in length. Adult females exhibited larger abdominal dimensions and longer antennae than males, indicating clear sexual dimorphism. Feeding and aggregation studies revealed a strong preference for sliced ripened mango fruit, followed by sliced green fruit, suggesting that exposed fruit tissues and associated volatiles strongly influence adult attraction. Infested fruits consistently showed symptoms of anthracnose, with\n                    <jats:italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides<\/jats:italic>\n                    identified from affected tissues, indicating that weevil feeding facilitates secondary fungal infection. The findings provide essential biological and behavioural insights into\n                    <jats:italic>S. frigidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    that are directly relevant to mass rearing, detection and the development of sustainable management strategies for mango production and quarantine protection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:22:44Z","timestamp":1791220964000},"page":"e0345209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental biology and substrate preference of the quarantine pest, mango pulp weevil Sternochetus frigidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) under laboratory conditions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1403-631X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sayesta Mehejaveen","family":"Begum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University","place":["Jorhat, Assam, India"],"department":["Department of Entomology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-8778","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Badal","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University","place":["Jorhat, Assam, India"],"department":["Department of Entomology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimantini","family":"Borkataki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University","place":["Jorhat, Assam, India"],"department":["Department of Entomology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanchan","family":"Saikia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Research Station, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute-Assam","place":["Kamrup, Assam, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bikash","family":"Hazarika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University","place":["Jorhat, Assam, India"],"department":["Department of Horticulture"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Sindhura","family":"Bhairavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University","place":["Jorhat, Assam, India"],"department":["Department of Entomology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shareen","family":"Tikhak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University","place":["Jorhat, Assam, India"],"department":["Department of Entomology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritu Ranjan","family":"Taye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AAU-Zonal Research Station","place":["Sribhumi, Assam, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inee","family":"Gogoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AICRP on Fruits, Assam Agricultural University","place":["Jorhat, Assam, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supriya","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University","place":["Jorhat, Assam, India"],"department":["Department of Plant Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Sarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Krishi Vigyan Kendra Hailakandi, ICAR RC for NEH Region","place":["Hailakandi, Assam, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0345209.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1564\/v26_aug_04","article-title":"Mango Pulp Weevil (<I>Sternochetus Frigidus<\/I>): an Invasive Species with Economic Significance in the Philippines","volume":"26","author":"P Dhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Outlook Pest Man"},{"key":"pone.0345209.ref002","article-title":"Mango pulp weevil","volume-title":"Pacific Pests, Pathogens, Weeds & Pesticides \u2013 Online edition","author":"G Jackson","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0345209.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724749","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2026.1724749","article-title":"Comparative volatile profiling of mango (Mangifera indica) and its role in mediating chemoecological behaviour of mango pulp weevil (Sternochetus frigidus)","volume":"6","author":"SM Begum","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Insect Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345209.ref004","article-title":"Life history and host range of the mango pulp weevil, Sternochetus frigidus (Fabr.) in Palawan, Philippines","volume":"83","author":"LRA De Jesus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Philippine Agricultural Scientist"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0345209.ref005","first-page":"10","article-title":"Biology of mango pulp weevil, Sternochetus gravis (Fabr.) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) in the agro-ecosystem of Manipur","volume":"2","author":"MB Devi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0345209.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS.2000.84.6.600","article-title":"Mango Anthracnose: Economic Impact and Current Options For Integrated Management","volume":"84","author":"LF Arauz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345209.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.18782\/2320-7051.2478","article-title":"Anthracnose of Mango Incited by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"5","author":"P Kumari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Pure App Biosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345209.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.23960\/j.hptt.219149-157","article-title":"Identification, distribution, and testing the level of Sternochetus (Sternochetus sp., Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attack and the host status using no-choice test","volume":"19","author":"A Syahputra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika"},{"key":"pone.0345209.ref009","first-page":"29","article-title":"A note on the life history of Cryptorhyncus mangiferae (Fab.)","author":"CK Subramanyan","year":"1925","journal-title":"Madras Agriculture Department Yearbook"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0345209.ref010","article-title":"The immature stages of the mango fruit weevil, Sternochetus frigidus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","volume":"15","author":"ML Monawarahmad","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research"},{"key":"pone.0345209.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-585-30455-7_5","article-title":"Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects","volume-title":"Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects","author":"EA Bernays","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345209.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.54.110807.090537","article-title":"Insect herbivore nutrient regulation","volume":"54","author":"ST Behmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"pone.0345209.ref013","volume-title":"The Mango Weevil: Bioecology and Management","author":"B Bhattacharyya","year":"2024","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0345209.ref014","first-page":"35","article-title":"Mango weevils: Identification, biology and integrated management","volume-title":"Insect Pests Management in Fruit Crops","author":"B Bhattacharyya","year":"2016","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0345209.ref015","first-page":"1490","article-title":"Survey of mango stone weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) and pulp weevil, Sternochetus frigidus (Fabricius) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) in South Gujarat","volume":"6","author":"K Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies"},{"key":"pone.0345209.ref016","article-title":"Mango seed weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae)","author":"K Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pest and Disease Image Library"},{"key":"pone.0345209.ref017","first-page":"353","article-title":"Notes on the biology and economic importance of the mango weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius), in Hawaii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society","author":"JW Balock","year":"1964"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345209.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1303\/aez.2002.251","article-title":"Method in sex discrimination in the mango pulp weevil Sternochetus frigidus (Fabr.)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","volume":"37","author":"LRA De Jesus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Entomol Zool"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345209.ref019","first-page":"7","article-title":"Detection survey of mango seed weevil: Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Thailand","volume":"33","author":"O Euatrakool","year":"2015","journal-title":"Entomology and Zoology Gazette"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345209.ref020","first-page":"319","article-title":"Annotated key to weevils of the world. 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