{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T21:44:14Z","timestamp":1773956654834,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Medically relevant mosquitoes have established populations across Nepal, adapting to diverse environmental conditions and altitudes. In addition to arbovirus vectors, the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a primary vector of lymphatic filariasis, underscores the need for comprehensive mosquito surveillance. This study investigated the presence, abundance, container preferences, and altitudinal distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    across selected districts in Nepal. We also examined the co-occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    species and their association with container type and location. An entomological survey was conducted along an altitudinal transect from 140 meters above sea level (m asl) (Chitwan) to 2340 m asl (Dolakha). Immatures were collected from 1,157 water-holding containers across 636 households using dipper and dropper techniques, while adults were captured using BG-Sentinel traps. Immatures were reared to adulthood for identification, while non-reared specimens were identified via microscopic slides. A total of 1,323 immature and 158 adult mosquitoes were recorded. Among immatures,\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (47.6%) was the most abundant, followed by\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    (43.4%). Adults were predominantly\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (82.9%). Plastic bottles and drums were the most common larval habitats.\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were found across the study transect, from 140 to 2066 m asl. The altitude did not have a statistically significant effect on the number of collected mosquitoes (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.563). These findings highlight the widespread presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    species across different altitudes and breeding habitats. The predominance and co-occurrence of dengue vectors and\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in nearby households underscore the need for integrated vector surveillance and control strategies in Nepal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T17:32:38Z","timestamp":1773941558000},"page":"e0345285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Altitudinal and household breeding patterns of the medically important mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7904-8669","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sunita","family":"Baral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pramod","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bishnu P.","family":"Marasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ishan","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghnath","family":"Dhimal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0345285.ref001","article-title":"The effect of global change on mosquito-borne disease","volume":"19","author":"LHV Franklinos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0345285.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00196","article-title":"Use of Microbiota to Fight Mosquito-Borne Disease","volume":"11","author":"W 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