{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T18:20:09Z","timestamp":1774549209580,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2016-05811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2016-05811"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined retrospectively recalled characteristics of pre-injury migraine and their association with retrospectively reported post-concussion outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data for this study was collected based on self-reported recall from a cross-sectional survey design, distributed online via the Prolific platform. Eligible participants (N\u2009=\u2009271) completed the Migraine Disability Assessment Test, Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders short-form, and self-reported return to activities. A MANCOVA compared retrospectively reported concussion outcomes between individuals with and without a self-reported pre-injury migraine diagnosis. Partial correlations assessed associations between retrospectively recalled migraine characteristics and post-concussion outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to those without a self-reported history of migraine (n\u2009=\u2009208), individuals with a self-reported pre-injury migraine diagnosis (n\u2009=\u200961) retrospectively reported significantly greater severity of earlier (p\u2009=\u2009.007) and later (p\u2009=\u2009.032) cluster post-concussion symptoms, delayed return to work\/school (p\u2009=\u2009.050) and sports (p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), and lower quality of life in the stigma (p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) subdomain. Retrospectively reported pre-injury migraine-related functional impairment was significantly correlated with recalled severity of earlier (r\u2009=\u2009.37) and later (r\u2009=\u2009.31) cluster post-concussion symptoms, return to sports (r\u2009=\u2009.29), and quality of life in the social role 1 subdomain (r\u2009=\u2009\u2212.35). Retrospective reports of pre-injury migraine severity were significantly correlated with both earlier (r\u2009=\u2009.43) and later (r\u2009=\u2009.34) cluster post-concussion symptom severity, and lower quality of life in the anxiety (r\u2009=\u2009.45), depression (r\u2009=\u2009.46), dyscontrol (r\u2009=\u2009.38), fatigue (r\u2009=\u2009.32), wellbeing (r\u2009=\u2009\u2212.32), sleep (r\u2009=\u2009.35), social role 1 (r\u2009=\u2009\u2212.48), and cognition 2 (r\u2009=\u2009\u2212.37) subdomains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with a retrospectively reported history of migraine recalled worse concussion outcomes than those without a migraine history. Additionally, more unfavourable recalled pre-injury migraine characteristics were associated with reports of more adverse post-concussion outcomes. These findings highlight the potential value of assessing individuals\u2019 experience with pre-injury migraine when evaluating post-concussion challenges, and the need for future research to examine these relationships using longitudinal designs and objective clinical measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T17:32:18Z","timestamp":1774546338000},"page":"e0345374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Specific pre-injury migraine characteristics associated with worse concussion 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