{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:19:48Z","timestamp":1774289988303,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Capybaras (\n                    <jats:italic>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) play important ecological, cultural, and economic roles in Colombia, particularly in the Orinoco region. Their adaptability to human-modified environments increases contact with humans and animals, raising concerns about their role in zoonotic pathogen transmission. However, their microbiota remains largely unexplored, limiting the understanding of potential health risks relevant to conservation and management. Bacterial communities were characterized in saliva, blood, and feces from 28 wild capybaras in Casanare, Colombia, through\n                    <jats:italic>16S-rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                    amplicon sequencing on the Oxford Nanopore platform. Taxonomic profiling was performed with Kraken using the SILVA database. Microbial diversity was assessed in R (\n                    <jats:italic>phyloseq<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>vegan<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and differential abundance across sample types and sites was determined with ANCOM-BC2. After quality control, 196,281 reads were classified into 51 bacterial phyla and 1,779 genera. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes dominated the phylum-level profiles. At the genus level, composition varied by sample type and location. Fecal samples exhibited the highest bacterial richness and diversity, whereas blood samples displayed the lowest. Beta diversity analysis using Bray\u2013Curtis dissimilarity and PCoA revealed distinct clustering by sample type, supported by PERMANOVA. Site-specific microbial signatures were identified:\n                    <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Prevotellaceae UCG-003<\/jats:italic>\n                    were enriched in Paz de Ariporo, while Trinidad showed higher genus-level diversity. Saliva samples displayed the strongest contrasts, with\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Thiobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    enriched in Trinidad, and\n                    <jats:italic>Tyzzerella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Arthrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Histophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    more abundant in Paz de Ariporo. Core microbiota analysis revealed the fewest core genera in blood (one genus), a moderate overlap in saliva (nine genera), and the highest number in feces (13 genera). Distinct patterns in bacterial composition and diversity across sample types and locations were demonstrated in wild capybaras. Both anatomical site and geographic origin influenced the microbiota. These findings provide baseline data to support future research on wildlife microbiota and its potential role in ecosystem health, conservation, and zoonotic transmission.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T17:21:58Z","timestamp":1774286518000},"page":"e0345409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring anatomical and geographical drivers of the microbiota in wild capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris): Baseline Data for zoonotic risk assessment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0246-0716","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Milena","family":"Camargo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Mar\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Plutarco","family":"Urbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina Acevedo","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juli\u00e1n A.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davinzon","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luz H.","family":"Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1344-9312","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan David","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345409.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-021-09569-2","article-title":"Phylogeography of the capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, in a large portion of its distribution area in South America","volume":"29","author":"MS Byrne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mammal Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345409.ref002","article-title":"Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) generate grazing lawns and maintain plant diversity in neotropical savanna","volume":"28","author":"JC Mata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Vegetation Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0345409.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.04.024","article-title":"Impacts of large herbivores on terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"33","author":"RM Pringle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0345409.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfad059","article-title":"Advances, challenges and prospective of sustainable use of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in Colombia","volume":"13","author":"HF L\u00f3pez-Ar\u00e9valo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal Frontiers"},{"key":"pone.0345409.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4000-0_19","article-title":"Conservation and use of the capybara and the lesser capybara in Colombia.","volume-title":"Capybara: Biology, use and conservation of an exceptional neotropical species","author":"J Aldana-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0345409.ref006","first-page":"3","article-title":"Taxonomy, Natural History and Distribution of the Capybara","author":"JR Moreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Capybara. 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