{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:22:56Z","timestamp":1782969776338,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background and objective<\/jats:title>\n Bullying among adolescents is a growing public health concern with serious mental, emotional, and social well-being consequences. This study aims to assess prevalence of physical and cyberbullying among school-going adolescents (13\u201317 years) in Himachal Pradesh, India, and identify risky and protective factors using an ecological framework descriptively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A cross-sectional, school-based survey was conducted across Himachal Pradesh using culturally adapted standardised questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with bullying perpetration and victimization.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Out of 7563 adolescents surveyed, 18.41% reported involvement in physical or cyber bullying, with 13.96% involved in physical bullying and 9.64% in cyberbullying. Additionally, 15.60% adolescents reported being victims, including 11.40% experiencing physical and 7.88% cyberbullying.<\/jats:p>\n \n Associated Perpetration factors<\/jats:italic>\n :\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \u2022\u2002Behavioral factors<\/jats:bold>\n : Increased risk was associated with junk food consumption, skipping breakfast, substance use, sexual activity, excessive screen time (>8 hours\/day), and involvement in physical fights.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \u2022\u2002Emotional factors<\/jats:bold>\n : Feelings of hopelessness and nervousness were associated with increased odds of both physical and cyberbullying.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \u2022\u2002Family-related factors<\/jats:bold>\n : Adolescents with unskilled parents had higher odds of bullying others, while strong parental connectedness showed significant positive association.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Victimization<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \u2022\u2002Demographic and behavioral factors<\/jats:bold>\n : Boys and adolescents from urban areas were more likely to be victims. Additional associated factors included unhealthy eating habits, substance use and sexual activity.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \u2022\u2002Emotional factors<\/jats:bold>\n : Feelings of disappointment and distress were associated with increased victimization\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \u2022\u2002Family-related factors<\/jats:bold>\n : Parental connectedness was protective against both forms of bullying.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Findings highlight significant prevalence of both physical and cyberbullying among adolescents in Himachal Pradesh, with distinct behavioral, emotional, and family-related risk factors. Parental connectedness proved protective, underscoring the need for integrated, multi-level interventions to foster healthier behaviors, emotional well-being, and safer schools.\n Ayushman Bharat<\/jats:italic>\n School Health and Wellness Programme can be strengthened by tailoring its module based on the identified risk and protective factors.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:46:30Z","timestamp":1775151990000},"page":"e0345468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bullying among students ecological insights from a school based adolescent health survey, Himachal Pradesh, India"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3222-5143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deepika","family":"Bahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2781-2503","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Devika","family":"Mehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saroj","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subha Sankar","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Mehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0345468.ref001","unstructured":"UNESCO. 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