{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T21:10:20Z","timestamp":1775682620124,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017234","name":"Rita and Alex Hillman Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted healthcare systems, placing immense physical, emotional, and organizational strain on\u00a0front line\u00a0nursing staff, including registered nurses and nursing assistants. These professionals faced heightened stress due to increased virus exposure, global personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages, and rapidly changing protocols. This study sought to explore the experiences of registered nurses and nursing assistants working in inpatient care during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on workplace stressors and available or recommended resources to mitigate these challenges. Despite extensive documentation of elevated stress and burnout among nurses during COVID-19, little is known about how registered nurses and nursing assistants appraised specific workplace stressors and evaluated the adequacy of available organizational resources during the pandemic. Using a qualitative descriptive design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 registered nurses and six nursing assistants from COVID-19 and non COVID\u00a0units at a large academic medical center. Guided by Lazarus and Folkman\u2019s Stress and Coping Model, the analysis identified a range of personal, interpersonal, organizational, and societal stressors. Personal stressors included long work hours, loss of loved ones to COVID-19, and feelings of isolation. Interpersonal stressors involved exposure risk, emotional strain from coworkers\u2019 stress, and shifts in bedside roles. Organizational stressors encompassed staffing shortages, changes in protocols, and being called off shifts. Societal stressors included inconsistent public health messaging and concerns about protecting vulnerable family members. Participants emphasized the importance of authentic leadership and nursing-centered delivery of resources in addressing these stressors. Six key resource categories emerged: emotional support, staffing, safety, compensation, communication, and stress management. Findings highlight the critical role of nurse managers, effective communication, and staffing policies in mitigating workplace challenges. While rooted in a U.S. context, these insights may inform strategies to support nursing staff globally in future crises, reinforcing the need for tailored, sustainable approaches to\u00a0front line\u00a0caregiver well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:48:07Z","timestamp":1774633687000},"page":"e0345525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experiences of registered nurses and nursing assistants during COVID-19: Work stress, stress appraisal, and workplace resources; A qualitative descriptive study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0991-8232","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gillian I.","family":"Adynski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-773X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cassandra","family":"Dictus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1375-232X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harry","family":"Adynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Killela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Allen","family":"Myer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hayden","family":"Hmiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345525.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20220804-01","article-title":"Psychosocial stressors of COVID-19- and non-COVID-19-dedicated nurses: A comparative study","volume":"61","author":"SY Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv"},{"key":"pone.0345525.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.06.005","article-title":"Personal protective equipment and intensive care unit healthcare worker safety in the COVID-19 era (PPE-SAFE): An international survey","volume":"59","author":"A Tabah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0345525.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.03.015","article-title":"Estimating Time Physicians and Other Health Care Workers Spend with Patients in an Intensive Care Unit Using a Sensor Network","volume":"131","author":"R Butler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"pone.0345525.ref004","author":"J Spencer","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0345525.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.026","article-title":"Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"S Pappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0345525.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/8228","article-title":"Assessments of Anxiety Levels and Working Conditions of Health Employees Working in COV\u0130D-19 Pandemic Hospitals","volume":"17","author":"M Akbolat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electron J Gen Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0345525.ref007","article-title":"Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"3","author":"J Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345525.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stress, anxiety, and growth in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"28","author":"SR Mazanec","year":"2023","journal-title":"Online Journal of Issues in Nursing"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0345525.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","article-title":"The job demands-resources model of burnout","volume":"86","author":"E Demerouti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0345525.ref010","first-page":"261","article-title":"Work stress, personal life, and burnout. 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