{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:58:29Z","timestamp":1792173509210,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Universitas Sebelas Maret","award":["371\/ UN27.22\/ PT.01.03\/ 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["371\/ UN27.22\/ PT.01.03\/ 2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The coexistence of tuberculosis (TB) with other chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension, presents a growing challenge for efforts to end TB due to the complex interactions of coordinated care among relevant care providers and increased risk of adverse outcomes. The comorbidities between TB and DM underscore the necessity of integrated care approaches that span screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Although integrated care models have the potential to improve patient outcomes by supporting people to complete treatment, improving retention in care, and streamlining service delivery, the understanding of low integration within existing health systems is also limited. This scoping review aims to map existing models of integrated TB, DM, and hypertension case management, identify potential benefits and examine barriers to integration, and define strategies for effective implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review examined original research papers on the integrated management of TB, DM, and hypertension, published from January 2005 to January 2025. Studies of various designs were included and sourced from databases such as MEDLINE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and EMERALD using targeted search terms. Four reviewers independently screened and extracted data using a standardized form. Findings were synthesized qualitatively and discussed with experts for additional insights.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 7,983 studies screened, 126 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings reveal that integrated management of TB, DM, and hypertension can improve access to care, program retention, and early detection of comorbidities. Integration of services\u2014including screening, diagnosis, treatment, counseling, and support for patients\u2019 self-management\u2014was generally well-received, practical to implement, and contributed to improved patient outcomes. Nevertheless, several barriers remain, such as fragmented health systems, lack of standardized protocols, inadequate provider training, limited health information systems, and insufficient financing mechanisms. Addressing these challenges requires systemic interventions, including strengthened policy and regulatory frameworks, capacity-building through structured training, robust and interoperable information systems, inter-program coordination, task-shifting strategies, and patient-centered care approaches. While the evidence highlights the potential of integrated care, gaps remain in demonstrating long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness, underscoring the need for further research and evaluation to support the scale-up of successful models across diverse health system contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:37:42Z","timestamp":1782495462000},"page":"e0345708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Potentials, barriers, and strategies for integrating tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension case management: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3171-5271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ari","family":"Probandari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4666-4099","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyra","family":"Modesty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivienne","family":"Tjung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5143-0344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brigitta Elycia","family":"Sitepu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8851-9038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Febby Gunawan","family":"Siswanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9270-2994","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kerub","family":"Dion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5496-4249","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victoria","family":"Sari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1848-2867","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ailiana","family":"Santosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawi","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitri","family":"Widyaningsih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0345708.ref001","unstructured":"NCDs at a glance 2025 NCDs surveillance and monitoring: Noncommunicable disease mortality and risk factor prevalence in the Americas. 2025."},{"key":"pone.0345708.ref002","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"DJ Magliano","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0345708.ref003","first-page":"263","article-title":"Hypertension in Diabetes","author":"S Naha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes and Kidney Disease, Second Edition"},{"key":"pone.0345708.ref004","unstructured":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2024"},{"key":"pone.0345708.ref005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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