{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T02:19:47Z","timestamp":1777774787990,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/L01632x\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L01632x\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Singing and vocalization practices are reportedly associated with increased relaxation, better emotional regulation, and enhanced social closeness. Here, we investigate the neural underpinnings of such effects and ask whether they are related to processes linked to the vocalization aspect or are a result of modified breathing patterns. Toning is a form of vocalization involving the expression of vocal sounds for the duration of the exhalation, often resulting in a slower breathing frequency compared to rest. It is increasingly used in therapeutic environments, but its neural underpinnings are poorly understood. EEG studies have shown increases in alpha power for slow breathing interventions, believed to be mediated by vagal activity, as shown in increased heart rate variability (HRV). We aimed to describe the neural responses to toning and singing familiar songs with a slow rhythm in a group of participants without prior music training, and their autonomic responses measured by HRV. We contrasted these vocal conditions with matched breathing-only conditions. We ask whether toning is related to increases in alpha power and further explore the patterns for other frequencies of brain activity. We find that alpha and theta power increase in the resting state following toning and singing interventions, but not in the resting state following breathing at matching frequencies. Respiratory-mediated HRV, as indexed by the standard deviation of N-N intervals, showed significant increases during toning and toning-matched slow breathing as previously reported, while vagal tone, as indexed by the root mean square of successive differences of HRV, increased when participants were breathing slowly but not when participants were vocalizing, suggesting differential effects between neural and autonomic responses for vocalization and slow breathing. These results provide insights into the neural mechanisms of vocalization and singing practices, with implications for their use as part of well-being and health interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:53:23Z","timestamp":1777485203000},"page":"e0345719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural and cardiorespiratory responses in vocalization and slow breathing: Contrasting brain and autonomic responses"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-2881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Ruiz-Blais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2 Francesco","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bastien","family":"Intartaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345719.ref001","first-page":"79","article-title":"The significance of choral singing for sustaining psychological wellbeing: findings from a survey of choristers in England, Australia and Germany","volume":"3","author":"S Clift","year":"2010","journal-title":"Music Performance Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0345719.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735611430081","article-title":"\u2018To be heard\u2019: The social and mental health benefits of choir singing for disadvantaged adults","volume":"41","author":"GA Dingle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychology of Music"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345719.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735612471237","article-title":"The psychological benefits of participating in group singing for members of the general public","volume":"42","author":"M Judd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychology of Music"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315740065","volume-title":"Singing and wellbeing: Ancient wisdom, modern proof","author":"K Norton","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0345719.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150221","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150221","article-title":"The ice-breaker effect: singing mediates fast social bonding","volume":"2","author":"E Pearce","year":"2015","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0345719.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735615624976","article-title":"It\u2019s better together: The psychological benefits of singing in a choir","volume":"44","author":"NAJ Stewart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychology of Music"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345719.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2015.10.002","article-title":"Singing and social bonding: changes in connectivity and pain threshold as a function of group size","volume":"37","author":"D Weinstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0345719.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301214556291","article-title":"\u201cSinging for the Brain\u201d: A qualitative study exploring the health and well-being benefits of singing for people with dementia and their carers","volume":"15","author":"SE Osman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dementia (London)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0345719.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2017.07.008","article-title":"A Review of the Physiological Effects and Mechanisms of Singing","volume":"32","author":"J Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Voice"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094011","article-title":"Singing, health and well-being: A health psychologist\u2019s review","volume":"21","author":"ML Gick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychomusicology: Music, Mind and Brain"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of singing classes on pulmonary function and quality of life of COPD patients","volume":"4","author":"AG Bonilha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345719.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/mtp\/20.1.31","article-title":"A Comparison of the Effects of Vocal Exercises\/Singing Versus Music-Assisted Relaxation on Peak Expiratory Flow Rates of Children with Asthma","volume":"20","author":"LM Wade","year":"2002","journal-title":"Music Therapy Perspectives"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01242","article-title":"Low-stress and high-stress singing have contrasting effects on glucocorticoid response","volume":"6","author":"D Fancourt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2016.631","article-title":"Singing modulates mood, stress, cortisol, cytokine and neuropeptide activity in cancer patients and carers","volume":"10","author":"D Fancourt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00518","article-title":"The neurochemistry and social flow of singing: bonding and oxytocin","volume":"9","author":"JR Keeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0345719.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-004-0006-9","article-title":"Effects of choir singing or listening on secretory immunoglobulin A, cortisol, and emotional state","volume":"27","author":"G Kreutz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345719.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.47513\/mmd.v6i2.180","article-title":"Does Singing Facilitate Social Bonding?","volume":"6","author":"G Kreutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMD"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345719.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07171-2","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory optimization during improvised singing and toning","volume":"7","author":"NF Bernardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0345719.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024893","article-title":"Cardiac and respiratory patterns synchronize between persons during choir singing","volume":"6","author":"V M\u00fcller","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref020","first-page":"334","article-title":"Music structure determines heart rate variability of singers","volume":"4","author":"B Vickhoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345719.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/thy003","article-title":"Exploring the Experience and Effects of Vocal Toning","volume":"55","author":"S Snow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Music Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0345719.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.15540\/nr.6.3.128","article-title":"Which Quiets the Mind More Quickly and Increases HRV: Toning or Mindfulness?","volume":"6","author":"E Peper","year":"2019","journal-title":"NR"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345719.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.2.683","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm?","volume":"125","author":"F Yasuma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00756","article-title":"Heart rate variability biofeedback: how and why does it work?","volume":"5","author":"PM Lehrer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-014-9253-x","article-title":"Inhalation\/Exhalation ratio modulates the effect of slow breathing on heart rate variability and relaxation","volume":"39","author":"I Van Diest","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0345719.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127082","article-title":"Slow breathing and hypoxic challenge: cardiorespiratory consequences and their central neural substrates","volume":"10","author":"HD Critchley","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0345719.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200112000-00016","article-title":"Slow breathing reduces chemoreflex response to hypoxia and hypercapnia, and increases baroreflex sensitivity","volume":"19","author":"L Bernardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345719.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2014.901213","article-title":"Automatic control of negative emotions: evidence that structured practice increases the efficiency of emotion regulation","volume":"29","author":"S Christou-Champi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00624","article-title":"Resonance-Paced Breathing Alters Neural Response to Visual Cues: Proof-of-Concept for a Neuroscience-Informed Adjunct to Addiction Treatments","volume":"10","author":"ME Bates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0345719.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2004.08.005","article-title":"Appearance of high-frequency alpha band with disappearance of low-frequency alpha band in EEG is produced during voluntary abdominal breathing in an eyes-closed condition","volume":"50","author":"M Fumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345719.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.004","article-title":"Activation of the anterior prefrontal cortex and serotonergic system is associated with improvements in mood and EEG changes induced by Zen meditation practice in novices","volume":"80","author":"X Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0345719.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2012.07.008","article-title":"Clinical utility of paced breathing as a concentration meditation practice","volume":"20","author":"Y-J Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00178","article-title":"Review of the Neural Oscillations Underlying Meditation","volume":"12","author":"DJ Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345719.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-009-0352-1","article-title":"Occipital gamma activation during Vipassana meditation","volume":"11","author":"BR Cahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cogn Process"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.09.018","article-title":"A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations","volume":"57","author":"T Lomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(96)00066-9","article-title":"Event-related synchronization (ERS) in the alpha band--an electrophysiological correlate of cortical idling: a review","volume":"24","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0345719.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-8062.2011.00347.x","article-title":"Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research","volume":"4","author":"CG Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0345719.ref038","first-page":"373","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"79","author":"WM Association","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0345719.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868","article-title":"Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use","volume":"17","author":"M Malik","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research - Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting","volume":"8","author":"S Laborde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345719.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51974-4","article-title":"Neural correlates of the DMT experience assessed with multivariate EEG","volume":"9","author":"C Timmermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref042","unstructured":"Bernardi NF, Snow S, Peretz I, Orozco Perez HD, Sabet-Kassouf N, Lehmann A. Toning instructions. 2022. https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/nicol-francesco-bernardi\/sets\/cardiorespiratory-optimization-during-improvised-singing-and-toning"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345719.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15717","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15717","article-title":"Aroused with heart: Modulation of heartbeat evoked potential by arousal induction and its oscillatory correlates","volume":"5","author":"CDB Luft","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.026","article-title":"ICLabel: An automated electroencephalographic independent component classifier, dataset, and website","volume":"198","author":"L Pion-Tonachini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345719.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.09.012","article-title":"Sensor noise suppression","volume":"168","author":"A de Cheveign\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.035","article-title":"Robust detrending, rereferencing, outlier detection, and inpainting for multichannel data","volume":"172","author":"A de Cheveign\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156869","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data","volume":"2011","author":"R Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.07.003","article-title":"Beta oscillatory responses in healthy subjects and subjects with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"3","author":"B G\u00fcntekin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0345719.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01299-1","article-title":"Oscillatory gamma activity in humans and its role in object representation","volume":"3","author":"C Tallon-Baudry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0345719.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6750","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4882-10.2011","article-title":"Selective movement preparation is subserved by selective increases in corticomuscular gamma-band coherence","volume":"31","author":"J-M Schoffelen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0345719.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13335","article-title":"Cluster-based permutation tests of MEG\/EEG data do not establish significance of effect latency or location","volume":"56","author":"J Sassenhagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345719.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","article-title":"Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data","volume":"164","author":"E Maris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0345719.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183732","article-title":"Long-term intra-individual reproducibility of heart rate dynamics during exercise and recovery in the UK Biobank cohort","volume":"12","author":"M Orini","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0345719.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.15540\/nr.6.3.128","article-title":"Which Quiets the Mind More Quickly and Increases HRV: Toning or Mindfulness?","volume":"6","author":"E Peper","year":"2019","journal-title":"NR"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0345719.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000603","article-title":"Vagal Mediation of Low-Frequency Heart Rate Variability During Slow Yogic Breathing","volume":"80","author":"BW Kromenacker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref057","unstructured":"Holm S. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics. 1979; 65\u201370."},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref058","first-page":"71","article-title":"Are all measures created equal? Heart rate variability and respiration - biomed 2009","volume":"45","author":"LK Hill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed Sci Instrum"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0345719.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13952","article-title":"Psychophysiological effects of slow-paced breathing at six cycles per minute with or without heart rate variability biofeedback","volume":"59","author":"S Laborde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0345719.ref060","article-title":"Inverse Correlation between Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate Demonstrated by Linear and Nonlinear Analysis","volume":"11","author":"SZH Kazmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345719.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.01.047","article-title":"The thalamus as the generator and modulator of EEG alpha rhythm: a combined PET\/EEG study with lorazepam challenge in humans","volume":"22","author":"M Schreckenberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0345719.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00721.2004","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical correlates of electroencephalographic alpha rhythm modulation","volume":"93","author":"B Feige","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0345719.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.03104.x","article-title":"Brain blood-flow alterations induced by therapeutic vagus nerve stimulation in partial epilepsy: II. prolonged effects at high and low levels of stimulation","volume":"45","author":"TR Henry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0345719.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0755-z","article-title":"BOLD fMRI deactivation of limbic and temporal brain structures and mood enhancing effect by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"114","author":"T Kraus","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00155","article-title":"Resting State EEG in Exercise Intervention Studies: A Systematic Review of Effects and Methods","volume":"14","author":"MH Gramkow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0345719.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615576533","article-title":"The Rhythm of Perception: Entrainment to Acoustic Rhythms Induces Subsequent Perceptual Oscillation","volume":"26","author":"G Hickok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0345719.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.004","article-title":"Rhythmic entrainment as a musical affect induction mechanism","volume":"96","author":"W Trost","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0345719.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-009-9101-z","article-title":"Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: the neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health","volume":"37","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0345719","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:53:40Z","timestamp":1777485220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0345719"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Brenton G.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0345719","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}}}