{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T18:56:53Z","timestamp":1774465013769,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019934","name":"Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019934","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is the most common reason for antibiotic treatment in hospitalized adults. Some prior studies have found treatment differences by race\/ethnicity, but research on the topic is limited, results are mixed, and it is unclear if clinical outcomes are affected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients\u2009&gt;=18 years of age with a diagnosis of CAP from 2018\u20132021 across 457 US hospitals in the Vizient Inc. Clinical Data Base. We examined guideline concordant antibiotic treatment differences for inpatient CAP by patient race\/ethnicity and hospital level factors and secondarily assessed whether treatment differences affect patient clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 1,277,770 admissions. Over half of all patients received concordant antibiotic therapy. Non-Hispanic Black patients had an increased odds of receiving guideline concordant antibiotic care (OR 1.22 95% CI 1.21\u20131.23) compared to non-Hispanic White patients. As the number of hospital beds increased, the odds of receiving concordant therapy decreased, with the greatest reduced odds between hospitals with &gt;500 beds vs\u2009&lt;\u200975 beds (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.66\u20130.70). As case mix index increased concordant care decreased with the lowest odds observed at hospitals with a case mix index &gt;2 (OR 0.71 95% CI 0.7\u20130.72). Patients at hospitals in the South (OR 0.8 95% CI 0.79\u20130.81) and Northeast (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.7\u20130.72) were less likely than those in the West to receive concordant care. There was no significant association between the interaction of race\/ethnicity and receipt of guideline concordant therapy and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-Hispanic Black patients were more likely to received guideline-concordant care for CAP however significant differences in concordant therapy were seen at the hospital level. Understanding the interplay of race\/ethnicity and concordant CAP therapy at the individual and population level is important for future research in the examination of disparities in care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T17:37:03Z","timestamp":1774460223000},"page":"e0345788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Are there racial\/ethnic differences in antibiotic treatment of community acquired pneumonia in the inpatient setting?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6857-6207","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shana A. 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