{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:29:45Z","timestamp":1780676985805,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids that spreads to uninfected individuals through direct transmission (contact with infected individuals), vertical transmission (from mother to offspring), or indirect transmission (exposure to contaminated environments). The risk of indirect transmission is unevenly distributed on the landscape, and risk levels are expected to be controlled by patterns of habitat use by infected and uninfected individuals as well as environmental properties that alter the length of time prions remain infectious and available for uptake. Despite evidence from controlled or laboratory studies identifying environmental properties likely to affect patterns of CWD prion locations on the landscape, it remains difficult to connect mechanisms to realized increased or decreased risk of disease transmission, and few studies have attempted to detect patterns of different CWD risk in different environments. Using data from GPS-collared mule deer in Wyoming that were CWD-tested annually, we constructed models predicting annual probability of disease transmission contingent on environmental properties extracted from GPS use points. We compared models that emphasized different pathways of disease transmission by including or excluding sets of covariates that described deer density, habitat selection, and covariates expected to affect prion persistence in the environment. Results indicated that key habitat characteristics often selected by mule deer, such as proximity to secondary roads, were also associated with higher risk of testing positive for CWD, which supports the hypothesis that disease risk was correlated to patterns of habitat use by deer. We also found increased risk associated with spatial properties that were not selected-for by deer, such as areas where topography collects moisture, suggesting that prion retention mechanisms also play a role in risk. Incorporating these spatially-varying risk factors into our understanding of CWD transmission and outbreak progression can support managers in designing data collection and disease management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0346077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:24:18Z","timestamp":1777483458000},"page":"e0346077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modeling chronic wasting disease transmission risk in mule deer related to habitat characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5635-2502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erica M.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Kleist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5212-8271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David R.","family":"Edmunds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Heinrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Joanne","family":"Saher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0304-7643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashley L.","family":"Whipple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melia","family":"DeVivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron L.","family":"Aldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0346077.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161127","article-title":"Chronic Wasting Disease Drives Population Decline of White-Tailed Deer","volume":"11","author":"DR Edmunds","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0346077.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186512","article-title":"Endemic chronic wasting disease causes mule deer population decline in Wyoming","volume":"12","author":"MT DeVivo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0346077.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278366","article-title":"The economic costs of chronic wasting disease in the United States","volume":"17","author":"SJ Chiavacci","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346077.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2010.01813.x","article-title":"Influence of genetic relatedness and spatial proximity on chronic wasting disease infection among female white-tailed deer","volume":"47","author":"DA Grear","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref005","article-title":"Risky business: relating probability of direct contact to risk of chronic wasting disease","author":"MA Dobbin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0346077.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000281","article-title":"In utero transmission and tissue distribution of chronic wasting disease-associated prions in free-ranging Rocky Mountain elk","volume":"96","author":"A Selariu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0346077.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122430","article-title":"Detection of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Fetal Tissues of Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer","volume":"13","author":"AV Nalls","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6953","key":"pone.0346077.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/425035a","article-title":"Horizontal prion transmission in mule deer","volume":"425","author":"MW Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020138","article-title":"Chronic Wasting Disease: State of the Science","volume":"13","author":"JC Bartz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82011-0","article-title":"Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years","volume":"87","author":"G Georgsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0346077.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.040010","article-title":"Environmental sources of prion transmission in mule deer","volume":"10","author":"MW Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0346077.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108428","article-title":"Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission","volume":"26","author":"CM Carlson","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.04.036","article-title":"Grass plants bind, retain, uptake, and transport infectious prions","volume":"11","author":"S Pritzkow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346077.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.3.3.9819","article-title":"Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area","volume":"3","author":"TA Nichols","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020269","article-title":"Movement of chronic wasting disease prions in prairie, boreal and alpine soils","volume":"12","author":"A Kuznetsova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0346077.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030093","article-title":"Oral transmissibility of prion disease is enhanced by binding to soil particles","volume":"3","author":"CJ Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346077.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2006.08.020","article-title":"Fate of prions in soil: Interaction of a recombinant ovine prion protein with synthetic humic-like mineral complexes","volume":"39","author":"MA Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0346077.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1021\/es062122i","article-title":"Adsorption of pathogenic prion protein to quartz sand","volume":"41","author":"X Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346077.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227094","article-title":"Shedding and stability of CWD prion seeding activity in cervid feces","volume":"15","author":"JM Tennant","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0346077.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02191-17","article-title":"Dehydration of Prions on Environmentally Relevant Surfaces Protects Them from Inactivation by Freezing and Thawing","volume":"92","author":"Q Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0346077.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12677","article-title":"Landscape connectivity predicts chronic wasting disease risk in Canada","volume":"53","author":"BR Nobert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346077.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22705","article-title":"Disease and migratory tactic mediate the nutritional benefits of irrigated agriculture to mule deer","volume":"89","author":"BL Wagler","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346077.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2013.68","article-title":"Influence of landscape factors and management decisions on spatial and temporal patterns of the transmission of chronic wasting disease transmission in white-tailed deer","volume":"8","author":"M O\u2019Hara Ruiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346077.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18062","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18321-x","article-title":"Clay content and pH: soil characteristic associations with the persistent presence of chronic wasting disease in northern Illinois","volume":"7","author":"SJ Dorak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1203","article-title":"Soil clay content underlies prion infection odds","volume":"2","author":"W David Walter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346077.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.1004","article-title":"Habitat influences distribution of chronic wasting disease in white\u2010tailed deer","volume":"80","author":"TS Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346077.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.4.676","article-title":"Epizootiology of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging cervids in Colorado and Wyoming","volume":"36","author":"MW Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346077.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1340","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease in deer and elk in North America","volume":"21","author":"ES Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0346077.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2307\/3803123","article-title":"Chronic Wasting Disease of Deer and Elk: A Review with Recommendations for Management","volume":"66","author":"ES Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR201914038","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease and implications for cervid populations","author":"AC Ketz","year":"2019","journal-title":"CABI Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2006)016[2208:DOPDTI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Dynamics of prion disease transmission in mule deer","volume":"16","author":"MW Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1214\/10-STS330","article-title":"To explain or to predict?","volume":"25","author":"G Shmueli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81077-0","article-title":"Low frequency of PrP genotype 225SF among free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with chronic wasting disease","volume":"86","author":"JE Jewell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0346077.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210802","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.210802","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analyses reveal infectious disease-driven selection in a free-ranging ungulate","volume":"8","author":"MEF LaCava","year":"2021","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346077.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2307\/3797579","article-title":"Notes on Tooth Development and Wear for Rocky Mountain Mule Deer","volume":"21","author":"WL Robinette","year":"1957","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-10-2629","article-title":"Preclinical diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in captive mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using tonsillar biopsy","volume":"83","author":"MA Wild","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref037","article-title":"Endemic chronic wasting disease causes mule deer population decline in Wyoming","author":"MT DeVivo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dryad"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref038","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. TIGER\/Line Shapefiles. 2019. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/geographies\/mapping-files\/time-series\/geo\/tiger-geodatabase-file.2019.html"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref039","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey. USGS National Hydrography in FileGDB 10.1 Format. 2022. https:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/item\/5ea068ae82cefae35a12a120"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref040","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey. 1\/3rd arc-second digital elevation models (DEMs) - USGS National Map 3DEP downloadable data collection. 2018. https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/core-science-systems\/ngp\/3dep\/about-3dep-products-services"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref041","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref042","author":"RA Becker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Draw Geographical Maps"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref044","author":"RJ Hijmans","year":"2025","journal-title":"Terra: Spatial Data Analysis"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref045","author":"D Dunnington","year":"2025","journal-title":"ggspatial: Spatial Data Framework for ggplot2"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref046","author":"CO Wilke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cowplot: Streamlined plot theme and plot annotations for ggplot2"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0346077.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140687","article-title":"Bayesian Modeling of Prion Disease Dynamics in Mule Deer Using Population Monitoring and Capture-Recapture Data","volume":"10","author":"C Geremia","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref048","volume-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach","author":"KP Burnham","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref049","article-title":"National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2021 Products","author":"J Dewitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"U.S. Geological Survey"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346077.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2111\/REM-D-12-00065.1","article-title":"Winter Resource Selection by Mule Deer on the Wyoming\u2013Colorado Border Prior to Wind Energy Development","volume":"66","author":"SL Webb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rangeland Ecology & Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0346077.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.914","article-title":"Identifying priority chronic wasting disease surveillance areas for mule deer in Montana","volume":"79","author":"RE Russell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0346077.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2811","article-title":"Resource selection of mule deer in a shrub\u2010steppe ecosystem: influence of woodland distribution and animal behavior","volume":"10","author":"S Morano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0346077.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wlb3.01394","article-title":"Complexity drives resource selection of two sympatric ungulate species","volume":"2025","author":"AK Moeller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wildlife Biology"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref054","author":"D Baston","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exactextractr: Fast extraction from raster datasets using polygons"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346077.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.1999.00305.x","article-title":"The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology","volume":"26","author":"JC Nekola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Biogeography"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref056","unstructured":"USDA-NASS. Cropland Data Layer (CDL), 2020 edition. 2020. https:\/\/nassgeodata.gmu.edu\/CropScape\/"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref057","article-title":"IrrMapper: A Machine Learning Approach for High Resolution Mapping of Irrigated Agriculture Across the Western U.S","author":"D Ketchum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0346077.ref058","article-title":"Defining biologically relevant and hierarchically nested population units to inform wildlife management","volume":"12","author":"MS O\u2019Donnell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0539.1","article-title":"Random Forests for Classification in Ecology","volume":"88","author":"DR Cutler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2017.04.0122","volume":"82","author":"A Ramcharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Science Society of America Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0346077.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.3390\/land11101856","article-title":"Spatial Estimates of Soil Moisture for Understanding Ecological Potential and Risk: A Case Study for Arid and Semi-Arid Ecosystems","volume":"11","author":"MS O\u2019Donnell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0346077.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.78.7.715","article-title":"Modeling Percent Tree Canopy Cover","volume":"78","author":"JW Coulston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref063","article-title":"Rangeland Condition Monitoring Assessment and Projection (RCMAP) Fractional Component Time-Series Across Western North America from 1985-2023","author":"MB Rigge","year":"2024","journal-title":"U.S. Geological Survey"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rama.2021.04.003","article-title":"Annual and 16-Day Rangeland Production Estimates for the Western United States","volume":"77","author":"MO Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rangeland Ecology & Management"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref065","unstructured":"LANDFIRE, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center (EROS), U S GS. LANDFIRE Remap 2016 Existing Vegetation Type (EVT) CONUS. 2020. www.landfire.gov"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref066","author":"K Barto\u0144","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref067","article-title":"Raster maps of relative risk of chronic wasting disease transmission based on environmental covariates for the South Converse Mule Deer Herd, Converse County, Wyoming","author":"EM Christensen","year":"2026","journal-title":"U.S. Geological Survey"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346077.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.2.275","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging mule deer: spatial, temporal, and demographic influences on observed prevalence patterns","volume":"41","author":"MW Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0346077.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1538","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer: infection, mortality, and implications for heterogeneous transmission","volume":"97","author":"MD Samuel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346077.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.14109","article-title":"Pathogen\u2010mediated selection and management implications for white\u2010tailed deer exposed to chronic wasting disease","volume":"59","author":"AC Ketz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0346077.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.2193\/0022-541X(2006)70[546:DPAHVO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Demographic Patterns and Harvest Vulnerability of Chronic Wasting Disease Infected White-Tailed Deer in Wisconsin","volume":"70","author":"DA Grear","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0346077.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.05.007","article-title":"Modelling landscape effects on density\u2013contact rate relationships of deer in eastern Alberta: Implications for chronic wasting disease","volume":"222","author":"TJ Habib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346077.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES12-00141.1","article-title":"Deer density and disease prevalence influence transmission of chronic wasting disease in white\u2010tailed deer","volume":"4","author":"DJ Storm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0346077.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.172","article-title":"Interaction among deer in a chronic wasting disease endemic zone","volume":"75","author":"ER Silbernagel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346077.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21341","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease influences activity and behavior in white\u2010tailed deer","volume":"82","author":"DR Edmunds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref076","unstructured":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Wyoming Chronic Wasting Disease Management Plan. 2020. https:\/\/wgfd.wyo.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/content\/PDF\/Get%20Involved\/CWD\/WGFD_DRAFTCWDManagementPlan_030320.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346077.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2006.64.5","article-title":"Potential Role of Soil in the Transmission of Prion Disease","volume":"64","author":"PT Schramm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346077.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020032","article-title":"Prions adhere to soil minerals and remain infectious","volume":"2","author":"CJ Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0346077.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019896","article-title":"Modeling routes of chronic wasting disease transmission: environmental prion persistence promotes deer population decline and extinction","volume":"6","author":"ES Almberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.110685","article-title":"Occurrence, transmission, and zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease","volume":"18","author":"SE Saunders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346077.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-16.1.89","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer: a spongiform encephalopathy","volume":"16","author":"ES Williams","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0346077.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-5-530","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease","volume":"42","author":"ES Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0346077.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11418","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease alters the movement behavior and habitat use of mule deer during clinical stages of infection","volume":"14","author":"GM Barrile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"5764","key":"pone.0346077.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1122864","article-title":"Prions in skeletal muscles of deer with chronic wasting disease","volume":"311","author":"RC Angers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5796","key":"pone.0346077.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132661","article-title":"Infectious prions in the saliva and blood of deer with chronic wasting disease","volume":"314","author":"CK Mathiason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0346077.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9338","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01118-15","article-title":"Longitudinal Detection of Prion Shedding in Saliva and Urine by Chronic Wasting Disease-Infected Deer by Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion","volume":"89","author":"DM Henderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0346077.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000845","article-title":"Temporal patterns of chronic wasting disease prion excretion in three cervid species","volume":"98","author":"IH Plummer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-10-2757","article-title":"Oral transmission and early lymphoid tropism of chronic wasting disease PrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus)","author":"CJ Sigurdson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0346077.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007990","article-title":"Detection of sub-clinical CWD infection in conventional test-negative deer long after oral exposure to urine and feces from CWD+ deer","volume":"4","author":"NJ Haley","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0346077.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196745","article-title":"Mineral licks as environmental reservoirs of chronic wasting disease prions","volume":"13","author":"IH Plummer","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346077.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/wmon.1014","article-title":"Habitat prioritization across large landscapes, multiple seasons, and novel areas: An example using greater sage\u2010grouse in Wyoming","volume":"190","author":"BC Fedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wildlife Monographs"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0346077.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22299","article-title":"Climate, habitat interactions, and mule deer resource selection on winter landscapes","volume":"86","author":"CB Anton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346077.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00054","article-title":"HUNTING PRESSURE MODULATES PRION INFECTION RISK IN MULE DEER HERDS","volume":"56","author":"MW Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0346077.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00226","article-title":"The Relationship Between Harvest Management And Chronic Wasting Disease Prevalence Trends In Western Mule Deer (odocoileus Hemionus) Herds","volume":"57","author":"MM Conner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346077.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/2688-8319.12017","article-title":"Ov CWD: An agent\u2010based modeling framework for informing chronic wasting disease management in white\u2010tailed deer populations","volume":"1","author":"AV Belsare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol Sol and Evidence"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref096","unstructured":"Katircioglu SJ. Exploring Environmental Dynamics of Chronic Wasting Disease: Soil Matrix Effects on RT-QuIC Detection and Prion Contamination at Scrapes and Food Plots. 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0346077.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/19336896.2023.2169519","article-title":"Canine detection of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in laboratory and field settings","volume":"17","author":"A Mallikarjun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"pone.0346077.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-017-0605-9","article-title":"HexSim: a modeling environment for ecology and conservation","volume":"33","author":"NH Schumaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc Ecol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0346077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:24:36Z","timestamp":1777483476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0346077"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0346077","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}}}